# Ascites

Ascites

- Accumulation of  ascites is a common feature of  advanced liver disease irrespective of  the aetiology . Development is usually insidious and fluid accumulation is associated with abdominal discomfort and a dragging sensation. CT will confirm the aeti - ology of  the ascites and demonstrate the irregular, shrunken cirrhotic liver, associated portal hypertension and splenomeg - aly . Intravenous contrast will demonstrate abdominal varices - and assess patency of  the portal vein. Portal vein occlusion is a common finding and in non-cirrhotic patients malignancy is usually r esponsible. The protein content and amylase levels will exclude pancrea tic ascites and determine the serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), with a high gradient (>1.1 /uni00A0 g/dL) indicating portal hypertension. Cytology may confirm the presence of  malignant cells, and microscopy and culture will Chapter 65 ). Summary box 69.11 Determining the cause of ascites /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF Management of ascites in chronic liver disease The initial treatment is to restrict salt intake and commence diuretics (spironolactone or frusemide), together with advice on avoiding precipitating factors, including alcohol intake, infection and causes of  hypoproteinaemia. Patients on diuret ics require regular biochemical monitoring. Summary box 69.12 Treatment of ascites in chronic liver disease /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF 

Imaging, ultrasonography
Aspiration
or CT
Culture and microscopy
Irregular cirrhotic liver
Protein content
Portal vein patency
Cytology
Splenomegaly of
Amylase level
cirrhosis
Salt restriction
Peritoneovenous shunts
Diuretics
TIPSS
Abdominal paracentesis
Liver transplantation