# List of abbreviations # List of abbreviations Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine AAA acquired aplastic anaemia AAFB acid-​ and alcohol-​fast bacilli AASLD American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases AAV antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody-associated vasculitis (also aplastic anaemia ABC ATP-​binding cassette ABCDE airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure ABG arterial blood gas ABMR antibody-​mediated rejection ABPA allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ABPM ambulatory blood pressure measurement ACE angiotensin-​converting enzyme AChE acetylcholinesterase, define at first mention ACPA anticitrullinated peptide/​protein antibodies ACR American College of Rheumatology (also albumin:creatinine ratio) ACS acute coronary syndromes ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone AD Alzheimer’s disease ADEM acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ADH antidiuretic hormone ADL activities of daily living ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ADR adverse drug reaction ADRT advanced decision to refuse treatment AECA antiendothelial cell antibodies AF atrial fibrillation AFP α-​fetoprotein AGT alanine–​glyoxylate aminotransferase aGVHD acute graft-​versus-​host disease AHA American Heart Association aHUS atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome AIF apoptosis-​inducing factor AIHA autoimmune haemolytic anaemia AIN acute interstitial nephritis AIP autoimmune pancreatitis (also acute interstitial pneumonia) AIS androgen insensitivity syndromes AKI acute kidney injury ALD alcoholic liver disease ALF acute liver failure ALL acute lymphoblastic leukaemia alloSCT allogeneic stem cell transplantation ALP alkaline phosphatase ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALT alanine aminotransferase AMA antimitochondrial antibody AML acute myeloid leukaemia AMLR autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions AMT Abbreviated Mental Test ANA antinuclear autoantibodies ANC absolute neutrophil count ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AOSD adult-​onset Still’s disease AP alternative pathway APA aldosterone-​producing adenoma APC antigen presenting cell APCM active physiological conservative management APL acute promyelocytic leukaemia APS antiphospholipid syndrome APTT activated partial thromboplastin time AR androgen receptor ara-​C cytosine arabinoside ARB angiotensin receptor blocker ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome ARF acute renal failure ARH autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ART antiretroviral therapy ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ARVD atherosclerotic renovascular disease AS ankylosing spondylitis ASAS Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society ASCT autologous stem cell transplantation ASD atrial septal defect ASH Action on Smoking and Health ASOT antistreptolysin O titre AST aspartate aminotransferase ATG antithymocyte globulin ATP adenosine triphosphate ATRA all-​trans-​retinoic acid AV aortic valve AVN arteriovenous nipping Abbreviations xxxvi AVSD atrioventricular septal defect AZA azacitidine BCAA branched-​chain amino acid BCC basal cell carcinoma BCG bacillus Calmette–​Guérin BEN Balkan endemic nephropathy BH4 tetrahydrobiopterin BHS British Hypertension Society BICC betaferon in chronic viral cardiomyopathy BKV BK polyomavirus BM bone marrow BMD bone mineral density BMF bone marrow failure BMI body mass index BMP bone morphogenic protein BNF British National Formulary BNP B-​type natriuretic peptide BOS bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome BP blood pressure BPG biphosphoglycerate BRAO branch artery occlusion BRVO branch retinal vein occlusion BSEP haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count BSP bromosulphthalein BTS British Thoracic Society BUN blood urea nitrogen CA carbohydrate antigen CABG coronary artery bypass grafting CAF Comprehensive Assessment for Frailty CAH congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAM Confusion Assessment Method CAMT congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia CAP community-​acquired pneumonia CAPS cryopyrin-​associated periodic syndromes CaR calcium-​sensing receptor CAT COPD assessment test CBT cognitive behaviour therapy CCB calcium channel blocker CCK cholecystokinin CCP anticyclic citrullinated peptide CCQ Clinical COPD questionnaire CCV clathrin-​coated vesicles CCyR complete cytogenetic response CD cluster of differentiation CDA congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia CDC donation after circulatory death CEA carcinoembryonic antigen CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein CF cystic fibrosis CFA cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis cfDNA cell-​free DNA CFS Clinical Frailty Scale CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator CFU colony forming unit CGA comprehensive geriatric assessment CGRP calcitonin gene-​related peptide cGVHD chronic graft-​versus-​host disease CHAD cold haemagglutinin disease CHD coronary heart disease CHF congestive heart failure CHM Commission on Human Medicines CINAC chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities CINCA chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous, and articular syndrome CISN coumarin-​induced skin necrosis CK creatine kinase CKD chronic kidney disease CKD-​EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration CLL chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CML chronic myeloid leukaemia CMR cardiac magnetic resonance CMS congenital myasthenic syndrome CMT Charcot–​Marie–​Tooth disease CMV cytomegalovirus CNI calcineurin inhibitor CNS central nervous system CNSHA congenital non-​spherocytic haemolytic anaemia CO cardiac output CoA coenzyme A COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COX cyclooxygenase CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CPM central pontine myelosis CPP central precocious puberty CPPS chronic pelvic pain syndrome CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CR complete remission CRDQ Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire CREST calcinosis, Raynaud’s, oesophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia CRF chronic renal failure CRH corticotropin-​releasing hormone CRIM cross-​immunoreactive material CRP C-​reactive protein CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy CS continuous smokers CSF cerebrospinal fluid/​colony-​stimulating factor CT computed tomography CTA computed tomography angiography CTCA computed tomography coronary angiography CTD connective tissue disease CTEPH chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension CTL cytotoxic T-​lymphocyte CVD cardiovascular disease CVID common variable immunodeficiency CVS chorionic villus sampling CXR chest radiograph CYP cytochrome P450 CZT cadmium zinc telluride DAEC diffusely adherent Escherichia coli DALY disability-​adjusted life year DAMP damage-​associated molecular pattern DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DAT direct antiglobulin test   Abbreviations xxxvii DBA Diamond–​Blackfan anaemia DBD donation after brain death DBP diastolic blood pressure DC dyskeratosis congenita (also dendritic cell) DCA directional coronary atherectomy DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DCD donation after circulatory death DCI decompression illness dcSSc diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis DCT distal convoluted tubule DDAVP 1-​deamino-​8-​d-​arginine vasopressin DDD dense deposit disease DECAF dyspnoea, eosinopenia, consolidation, acidosis, and atrial fibrillation DGP deamidated gliadin peptide DHG dihydroxyglutarate DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation DILI drug-​induced liver injury DILV double-​inlet left ventricle DIP desquamative interstitial pneumonia DISC death-​initiating signalling complex DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis DLB dementia with Lewy bodies DLBCL diffuse large B-​cell lymphoma DMARD disease-​modifying antirheumatic drug DMD disease-​modifying drugs (can also mean Duchenne muscular dystrophy) DMSA dimercaptosuccinic acid DNACPR do-​not-​attempt-​cardiopulmonary resuscitation DNR do not resuscitate DOAC direct oral anticoagulant DOCA desoxycorticosterone DOPPS Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study DORV double-​outlet right ventricle DPI dry powder inhalers DRE digital rectal examination DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms dRTA distal renal tubular acidosis DSA donor-​specific antibodies DTC direct to consumer DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid DVT deep vein thrombosis DXA dual energy X-​ray absorptiometry EACTS European Association for Cardio-​Thoracic Surgery EAggEC enteroaggregative Escherichia coli EANM European Association of Nuclear Medicine EAPCI European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions EASL European Association for the Study of the Liver EATL enteropathy-​associated T-​cell lymphoma EBV Epstein–​Barr virus ECD extended criteria donor ECF extracellular fluid ECG electrocardiogram ECLAM European community lupus activity measure ECM extracellular matrix ECV extracellular volume EDMD Emery–​Dreifuss muscular dystrophy EDRF endothelial-​derived relaxing factor EDTA European Dialysis and Transplant Association EDV end-​diastolic volume EEG electroencephalography EELV end expiratory lung volume EGF epidermal growth factor eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate EGPA eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis EIEC enteroinvasive Escherichia coli EIS endoscopic injection sclerotherapy ELCA excimer laser coronary atherectomy ELISA enzyme-​linked immunosorbent assay EM erythema multiforme (also electron microscopy) EMA endomysial antibody EMG electromyography EMS early morning urethral smear ENA extractable nuclear antigens ENaC epithelial sodium channel ENT ear, nose, or throat EOL end of life EoO eosinophilic oesophagitis EPCR endothelial cell protein C receptor EPEC enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EPO erythropoietin ER endoplasmic reticulum ERA European Renal Association ERC endoscopic retrograde cholangiography ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERNV equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography ERS European Respiratory Society ESA erythropoiesis-​stimulating agent ESC European Society of Cardiology ESGE European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ESH European Society of Hypertension ESKD end-​stage kidney disease ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESRD end-​stage renal disease ESS EULAR sicca score ESWL extracorporeal shock-​wave lithotripsy ETEC enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli EUS endoscopic ultrasonography EVLP ex-​vivo lung perfusion EVO endoscopic variceal obturation FA Fanconi’s anaemia FACIT fibril-​associated collagen with interrupted triple FAK focal adhesion kinase FAP familial adenomatous polyposis FBC full blood count FCAS familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome FCHL familial combined hyperlipidaemia FDA Food and Drug Administration FDG fluorodeoxyglucose FDG-​PET fluorodeoxyglucose-​positron emission tomography FDP fibrinogen-​degradation product FEV forced expiratory volume FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s Abbreviations xxxviii FFR fractional flow reserve FGF fibroblast growth factor FH familial hypercholesterolaemia FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization FL follicular lymphoma FLC free light chain FMF familial Mediterranean fever FMTC familial medullary thyroid carcinoma FNAB fine needle aspiration biopsy FNH focal nodular hyperplasia FOB faecal occult blood FODMAPs fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols FRC functional residual capacity FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis FSH follicular stimulating hormone FTD frontotemporal dementia FVC forced vital capacity FVU first voided urine G6PD glucose-​6-​phosphate dehydrogenase GABA γ-​aminobutyric acid GAD generalized anxiety disorder GALT gut-​associated lymphoid tissue GAVE gastric antral vascular ectasia GBD Global Burden of Disease GBM glomerular basement membrane G-​CSF granulocyte colony-​stimulating factor GCA giant cell arteritis GCS Glasgow Coma Score GDF growth differentiation factors GEP gastroenteropancreatic GFB glomerular filtration barrier GFR glomerular filtration rate GH growth hormone GI gastrointestinal GIB gastrointestinal bleeding GIE glucocorticoid inhibitory element GIP gastric inhibitor peptide GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumour GLP glucagon-​like peptide GM-​CSF granulocyte–​macrophage colony-​stimulating factor GM/​MS gas chromatography–​mass spectrometry GN glomerulonephritis GnRH gonadotropin-​releasing hormone GOLD Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease GOMMID glomerulonephritis with organized microtubular monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits GORD gastro-​oesophageal reflux disease GOV gastro-​oesophageal varices GP glycoprotein (also general practitioner) GPA granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPCR G-​protein-​coupled-​receptors GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol GRACE Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events GRADE Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations GRHPR glyoxylate/​hydroxypyruvate reductase GSD glycogen storage disease GSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis GSH glutathione GU gonococcal urethritis GUM genitourinary medicine GVHD graft-​versus-​host disease GVL graft-​versus-​leukaemia GWAS genome-​wide association study H&E haematoxylin and eosin stain HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy HAND HIV-​associated neurocognitive disorder HAV hepatitis A virus HBc hepatitis B core HBeAG hepatitis B e antigen HBIg hepatitis B immunoglobulin HBPM home blood pressure measurement HBsAG hepatitis B surface antigen HBV hepatitis B virus HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCG human chorionic gonadotropin HCV hepatitis C virus HD haemodialysis HDF haemodiafiltration HDL high-​density lipoprotein HDL-​C high-​density lipoprotein cholesterol HDU high-​dependency unit HDV hepatitis D virus HE hepatic encephalopathy or hereditary elliptocytosis HELLP haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets HES hypereosinophilic syndrome hESC human embryonic stem cell HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid HEV hepatitis E virus HF haemofiltration HFA Heart Failure Association HFnEF heart failure with a normal ejection fraction HFOV high-​frequency oscillatory ventilation HFV high-​frequency ventilation HHT hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasis/​ 15-​hydroxy-​5,8,10-​hepatrotrienoic acid HHV human herpesvirus HIF hypoxia-​inducible factors HIV human immunodeficiency virus HIV-​OL human immunodeficiency virus oral lesion HK high molecular weight kininogen HL hepatic lipase HLA human leucocyte antigen HLH haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis HLHS hypoplastic left heart syndrome HMA hypomethylating agent HOGA 4-​hydroxy-​2-​oxoglutarate aldolase HPA hypothalamic-​pituitary-​adrenal HPG hypothalamic-​pituitary-​gonadal HPLC high-​performance liquid chromatography HPP hereditary pyropoikilocytosis HPRT hypoxanthine-​guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HPV human papillomavirus   Abbreviations xxxix HRA high-​resolution anoscopy HRCT high-​resolution computed tomography HRT hormone replacement therapy HS hereditary spherocytosis HSC haematopoietic stem cell or hepatic stellate cell HSCT haemopoietic stem cell transplantation HSP Henoch–​Schönlein purpura HSPC haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell HSV herpes simplex virus HUS haemolytic uraemic syndrome HUV hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis IADL instrumental activities of daily living IAS insulin autoimmune syndrome IBD irritable bowel disease IBS irritable bowel syndrome IBS-​C irritable bowel syndrome with constipation IBS-​D irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea IBS-​M irritable bowel syndrome with alternating constipation and diarrhoea IC intercalated cell ICAM intercell adhesion molecules ICD implantable cardioverter-​defibrillator ICP intracranial pressure ICS inhaled oral corticosteroids ICU intensive care unit IDA iminodiacetic acid IDL intermediate-​density lipoprotein IEC intestinal epithelial cell IF intrinsic factor IFG impaired fasting glucose IFN interferon Ig immunoglobulin IgAN immunoglobulin A nephropathy IgE immunoglobulin E IGF insulin-​like growth factors IgG4-​RD immunoglobulin G4-​related disease IgG4-​SC immunoglobulin G4-​related sclerosing cholangitis IGV isolated gastric varices IHD ischaemic heart disease IHME Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation IIH idiopathic intracranial hypertension IIP idiopathic interstitial pneumonias IL interleukin ILC innate lymphoid cell ILD interstitial lung disease IMA inferior mesenteric artery INR international normalized ratio IPAF interstitial pneumonitis with autoimmune features IPEX immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-​linked IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPI International Prognostic Index iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell IPSID immunoproliferative small intestinal disease IRIDA iron-​refractory iron deficiency anaemia IRIS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome IRM immunoradiographic assay IRV Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume ISH International Society of Hypertension ISHLT International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation ISIS International Study of Infarct Survival ISWT incremental shuttle walking test ITP immune thrombocytopenia ITU intensive care unit IV intravenous IVC inferior vena cava IVF in vitro fertilization IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin IVU intravenous urography JE Japanese encephalitis JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis JNC Joint National Committee KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes LA left atrium LAMA long-​acting antimuscarinic agents LBBB left bundle branch block LCAT lecithin–​cholesterol acyltransferase LCH Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis lcSSc limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis LDH lactate dehydrogenase LDL low-​density lipoprotein LDL-​C low-​density lipoprotein cholesterol LFT liver function test LGE late gadolinium enhancement LGMD limb-​girdle muscular dystrophy LGV lymphogranuloma venereum LH luteinizing hormone LIC liver iron content LINQ Lung Information Needs Questionnaire LIP lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia LKM liver–​kidney microsomal LMICs low-​ and middle-​income countries LMN lower motor neuron LMWH low molecular weight heparin LMWP low molecular weight protein LOLA l-​ornithine l-​arginine LP lumbar puncture LPL lipoprotein lipase LPLR lipoprotein lipase receptor LTOT long-​term oxygen therapy LV left ventricle LVDD left ventricular diastolic dysfunction LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction LVOT left ventricular outflow tract LVRS lung volume reduction surgery LVSD left ventricular systolic dysfunction MAG3 mercaptoacetyltriglycine MAGIC MAGnesium in Coronaries MAHA microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia MALT mucosa-​associated lymphoid tissue MAO monoamine oxidase inhibitor MAP mean arterial pressure MAPK mitogen-​activated protein kinase MBD mineral and bone disorder M-​CSF macrophage colony-​stimulating factor Abbreviations xl MCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentration MCL mantle cell lymphoma MCNS minimal change nephrotic syndrome MCpEF myocarditis with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction MCV mean corpuscular volume MDE myeloma-​defining event MDI metered dose inhalers MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MDS myelodysplastic syndrome MED minimal erythema dose MELD Model for End-​Stage Liver Disease MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia MERFF myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibres mESC mouse embryonic stem cell MGRS monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance MHC major histocompatibility complex MHRA Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency MIC minimum inhibitory concentration MIDD monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases MKD mevalonate kinase deficiency MM malignant melanoma MMA methylmalonic acid MMF mycophenolate mofetil MMP matrix metalloproteinase MMR mismatch repair MN membranous nephropathy MND motor neuron disease MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment MPA microscopic polyangiitis MPO myeloperoxidase MPS mucopolysaccharidosis (also myocardial perfusion scintigraphy) MR magnetic resonance MRA magnetic resonance angiography (can also be medicine regulatory authority) MRC Medical Research Council MRCP magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRI magnetic resonance imaging MRSA methicillin-​resistant Staphylococcus aureus MS multiple sclerosis MS/​MS tandem mass spectroscopy MSA multiple-​system atrophy MSC mesenchymal stromal cell MSH melanocyte-​stimulating hormone MSU midstream urine MTC medullary thyroid carcinoma mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin MUS medically unexplained symptoms MWS Muckle–​Wells syndrome NAAT nucleic acid amplification testing NABQI N-​acetyl-​p-​benzoquinone imine NADH reduced nicotinamide-​adenine dinucleotide NADPH reduced nicotinamide-​adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAIT neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NCAM neural-​cell adhesion molecule NEP neutral endopeptidase NET neuroendocrine tumour or neutrophil extracellular trap NETT National Emphysema Therapy Trial NEWS National Early Warning Score NGF nerve growth factor NGS next-​generation sequencing NHDL-​C non-​high-​density lipoprotein cholesterol NHL non-​Hodgkin’s lymphoma NHS National Health Service (UK) NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NIPPV non-​invasive nasal positive-​pressure ventilation NIPT non-​invasive prenatal testing NIV non-​invasive ventilation NK natural killer NKT natural killer T NLST National Lung Screening Trial NMS neuroleptic malignant syndrome NMSC non-​melanoma skin cancer NNH number needed to harm NNT number needed to treat NOTT Nocturnal Oxygen Treatment Trial NREM non-​rapid eye movement NRT nicotine replacement therapy NSAID non-​steroidal anti-​inflammatory drug NSCLC non-​small cell lung cancer NSIP non-​specific interstitial pneumonia NSTEMI non-​ST-​elevation myocardial infarction NTD neural tube defect NTM non-​tuberculous mycobacterial NT-​proBNP N-​terminal B-​type natriuretic peptide NYHA New York Heart Association OAF osteoclast-​activating factor OAPR odds of being affected given a positive result OB obliterative bronchiolitis OCD obsessive–​compulsive disorder OCT optical coherence tomography OD once daily OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OED other eating disorders OLP oral lichen planus OMIM Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man OMT optimal medical therapy OPAT outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy OR odds ratio OS overall survival OSA obstructive sleep apnoea OTB oral tuberculosis PA pernicious anaemia (also pulmonary artery) PACAP pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide PAF platelet activating factor PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (can also mean pulmonary hypertension)   Abbreviations xli PAOP pulmonary artery occlusion pressure PAS periodic acid–​Schiff PASI Psoriasis Area and Severity Index PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure PBD polyglucosan body disease PBM peripheral blood mononuclear cell PCC prothrombin complex concentrate PCH paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (also pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis) PCI percutaneous coronary intervention PCNSL primary central nervous system lymphoma Pco partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCP Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia PCR polymerase chain reaction (also protein:creatinine ratio) PCT proximal convoluted tubule PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure PD peritoneal dialysis (also Parkinson’s disease) PDA patent ductus arteriosus PDC pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PDD Parkinson’s disease dementia PDGF platelet-​derived growth factor PE pleural effusion (can also mean pulmonary embolism) PEACH Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health PEEP positive end expiratory pressure PEF peak expiratory flow PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy PET position emission tomography PFO patent foramen ovale PFS progression-​free survival PGK phosphoglycerate kinase PHARC polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract PICS post-​intensive care syndrome PID pelvic inflammatory disease PIGN postinfectious glomerulonephritis PK pyruvate kinase PKD pyruvate kinase deficiency (also polycystic kidney disease) PKU phenylketonuria PLA2R phospholipase A2 receptor PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophil PMR polymyalgia rheumatica PNH paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria Po2 partial pressure of oxygen POC point of care POMC pro-​opiomelanocortin PP polypeptide PPI proton pump inhibitor ppm parts per million PPS Palliative Performance Scale PPV porcine parvovirus PR3 proteinase 3 PRCA pure red cell aplasia PRI population reference intake PRPP phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate PRR pattern-​recognition receptor PRrP parathyroid-​hormone-​related protein PSA prostate-​specific antigen PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis PSP primary spontaneous pneumothorax PT prothrombin time PTC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTH parathyroid hormone PTHrP PTH/​PTH-​related peptide PTLD post-​transplant lymphoproliferative disorder PTP post-​transfusion purpura PTSD post-​traumatic stress disorder PUVA psoralen ultraviolet A PV pemphigus vulgaris (also plasmas viscosity test) PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis PVOD pulmonary veno-​occlusive disease PVR pulmonary vascular resistance PYY peptide tyrosine-​tyrosine QALY quality-​adjusted life year RA rheumatoid arthritis (can also mean right atrium) RAAS renin–​angiotensin–​aldosterone system RAS renin–​angiotensin system (also renal artery stenosis or restrictive allograft syndrome RAVV right atrioventricular valve RBBB right bundle branch block RBF rat bite fevers RCA right coronary artery RCC renal cell carcinoma RCDP rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata RCT randomized controlled trial RDA recommended dietary allowance REM rapid eye movement RF rheumatoid factor RI resistivity index RNA ribonucleic acid RNI reference nutrient intake RNP ribonucleoprotein ROC receiver–​operator characteristic RP ribosomal protein RRT renal replacement therapy RTA renal tubular acidosis RV residual volume (also right ventricle) RVOTO right ventricular outflow tract obstruction SA short-​axis SABR stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (also systolic blood pressure) SCC squamous cell carcinoma SCD sickle cell disease (also sudden cardiac death) SCI spinal cord injuries SCID severe combined immunodeficiency SCLC small cell lung cancer SCMR Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance SCN sickle cell nephropathy or severe congenital neutropenia sdLDL small dense low-​density lipoprotein SDS Shwachman–​Diamond syndrome Abbreviations xlii SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results SGRQ St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire SHBG sex hormone binding globulin SHEC Shiga toxin-​producing Escherichia coli SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome SLB surgical lung biopsy SLE systemic lupus erythematosus SM smouldering myeloma SMA superior mesenteric artery (also smooth muscle antibody) SMC smooth muscle cell sMDRD simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease SMR standardized mortality ratio SNGFR single-​nephron glomerular filtration rate SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SNS sympathetic nervous system SOD sphincter of Oddi disorder SPC Summary of Product Characteristics SPD storage pool deficiency SPECT single-​positron emission computed tomography SPF sun protection factor SSc systemic sclerosis SSD somatic symptom disorder SSFP steady-​state free precession SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor STEMI ST elevation myocardial infarction STI sexually transmitted infection STOPP/​START set of inappropriate combinations of medicines and disease (STOPP) and a set of recommended treatments for given conditions (START) suPAR soluble urokinase plasminogen activating receptor SVC superior vena cava SVR systemic vascular resistance TACE transarterial chemoembolization TAE transarterial embolization TALH thick ascending limb of Henle TAR thrombocytopenia with absent radii TAVI transcatheter aortic valve implantation TB tuberculosis TBLC transbronchial lung cryobiopsy TBM tuberculous meningitis TC total cholesterol TCA tricyclic antidepressant TCPC total cavopulmonary connection TCR T-​cell receptor TCT thrombin clotting time TdT terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase TEC transient erythroblastopenia of childhood TEN toxic epidermal necrolysis TF transcription factor (also tissue factor) TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor TG triglyceride TGF transforming growth factor TGFα, TGFβ transforming growth factor-​α, -​β TGN trans Golgi network THR total hip replacement THRIVE Treatment of HDL to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events TIA transient ischaemic attack TIBC total iron-​binding capacity TIMI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction TINU tubulointerstitial nephritis uveitis TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TK tyrosine kinase TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKR total knee replacement TLC total lung capacity TLR Toll-​like receptor TMA thrombotic microangiopathy t-​MDS therapy-​related myelodysplastic syndrome(s) TNF tumour necrosis factor TNFα tumour necrosis factor-​α tPA tissue plasminogen activator TPN total parenteral nutrition TPN total parenteral nutrition TRAIL TNF-​related apoptosis-​inducing ligand TRAPS tumour necrosis factor receptor-​associated periodic syndrome Treg regulatory T (cell) TROPHY Trial of Preventing Hypertension TSH thyroid-​stimulating hormone TTD thiazide-​type diuretic tTG tissue transglutaminase TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership TTKG transtubular potassium concentration gradient TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumour TV tricuspid valve UAER urinary albumin excretion rate UCB umbilical cord blood UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid UDP uridine diphosphate UI urinary incontinence UIP usual interstitial pneumonia UKELD United Kingdom Model for End-​Stage Liver Disease UKM urea kinetic modelling UKMEC UK Medical Eligibility Criteria UKPDS United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study ULN upper limit of normal UMN upper motor neuron UPR unfolded protein response URR urea reduction ratio URTI upper respiratory tract infection UTI urinary tract infection UV ultraviolet UVL ultraviolet light UVR ultraviolet radiation V/​Q ventilation/​perfusion VARD video-​assisted retroperitoneal debridement VATS video-​assisted thoracoscopic surgery VC vital capacity vCJD variant Creutzfeldt–​Jakob disease   Abbreviations xliii VDRL Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor VEOIBD very early-​onset inflammatory bowel disease VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide VKA vitamin K antagonist VLA vertical long axis VLCFA very long-​chain fatty acid VLDL very low-​density lipoprotein VSD ventricular septal defect VTE venous thromboembolism VWD von Willebrand’s disease VWF von Willebrand factor VZV varicella zoster virus WBC white blood cell WCC white cell count WGS whole genome sequencing WHO World Health Organization WM Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia X-​ALD X-​linked adrenoleukodystrophy XLH X-​linked hypophosphataemia YLDs years lived with disability YLL years of life lost ZASP Z-​line associated protein Contributors Peter Aaby Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-​Bissau, West Africa 8.5.6: Measles Emma Aarons Consultant Virologist and Infectious Disease Physician, Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK 8.5.27: Orf and Milker’s nodule Tom Abbott William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK 17.4: Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgery Ade Adebajo Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, UK 19.12: Miscellaneous conditions presenting to the rheumatologist Raymond Agius Occupational Medicine, University of Manchester, UK 10.2.1: Occupational and environmental health S. Faisal Ahmed School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK 13.7.3: Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation Shahzada K. Ahmed Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK 13.2.2: Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland Vineet Ahuja Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India 15.10.8: Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics Guruprasad P. Aithal NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK 15.24.3: Drug-​induced liver disease Sara Ajina Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 24.6.1: Visual pathways Tyler Albert VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 10.3.6: Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes Maha Albur University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 8.2.5: Antimicrobial chemotherapy Michael J. Aldape Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Infectious Diseases Section, Boise, ID, USA 8.6.25: Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections Graeme J.M. Alexander UCL Professor, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 15.23.1: Hepatitis A to E; 15.24.6: Primary and secondary liver tumours Michael E.D. Allison Liver Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.24.6: Primary and secondary liver tumours Carlo Ammendolia Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rebecca MacDonald Centre for Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada 19.4: Back pain and regional disorders Chris Andrews Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia 10.3.5: Lightning and electrical injuries Ross H. Andrews Professor, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Professor of Parasitology, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK 8.11.2: Liver fluke infections Jervoise Andreyev Consultant Gastroenterologist, United Lincolnshire Hospitals Trust; Honorary Professor, The School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK 15.3.4: Investigation of gastrointestinal function Gregory M. Anstead Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Immunosuppression and Infectious Diseases Clinics, Department of Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA 8.7.3: Coccidioidomycosis Quentin M. Anstee Professor of Experimental Hepatology and Honorary Consultant Hepatologist, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University and Freeman Hospital Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 15.24.2: Non​alcoholic fatty liver disease Charles M.G. Archer Department of Dermatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 23.15: Skin and systemic diseases Clive B. Archer Consultant Dermatologist and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust & King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK 23.15: Skin and systemic diseases Michael J. Arden-​Jones  Consultant Dermatologist, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 23.6: Dermatitis/​eczema Mark J. Arends University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK 3.6: Apoptosis in health and disease J. Arendt Emeritus Professor of Endocrinology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK 13.11: The pineal gland and melatonin James O. Armitage The Joe Shapiro Professor of Medicine, Division of Oncology/​Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 22.4.3: Hodgkin lymphoma; 22.4.4: Non-​Hodgkin lymphoma Vicente Arroyo Professor of Medicine at the University of Barcelona Medical School; Chairman of the European Association for the Study of the Liver Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (EASL-​CLIF Consortium) and President of the European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-​CLIF), Barcelona, Spain 15.22.2: Cirrhosis and ascites Daniel Aruch Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA 22.3.5: The polycythaemias; 22.3.6: Thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythaemia Frances Ashcroft Professor of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3.4: Ion channels and disease Caroline Ashley Lead Specialist Pharmacist, Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 21.19: Drugs and the kidney Shazad Q. Ashraf Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham University Hospitals, Birmingham, UK 15.14: Colonic diverticular disease Contributors xlvi Paul Aveyard Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 26.6.2: Obesity and weight management; 26.6.3: Smoking cessation Tar-​Ching Aw† Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, United Arab Emirates 10.2.5: Noise; 10.2.6 Vibration Jon G. Ayres Emeritus Professor of Environmental and Respiratory Medicine, Universty of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 10.1: Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning; 10.3.1: Air pollution and health Juan Carlos Ayus Renal Consultants of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA 21.2.1: Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis Qasim Aziz Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 15.13: Irritable bowel syndrome Trevor Baglin Previously Cambridge Haemophilia and Thrombophilia Centre, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 22.7.2: Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency Michael Bagshaw Aviation Medicine, King’s College, London, UK 10.2.3: Aviation medicine Colin Baigent Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.4: Large-​scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-​analyses of trials Kenneth F. Baker Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University and Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 19.5: Rheumatoid arthritis Bettina Balint Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Germany 24.7.3: Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease Jay Banerjee College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 6.4: Older people and urgent care Adrian P. Banning Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 16.3.2: Echocardiography; 16.14.1 Acute aortic syndromes George Banting Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 3.1: The cell Thomas M. Barber University of Warwick, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK 13.10: Hormonal manifestations of non-​endocrine disease E.J. Barnes Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.5.22: Hepatitis C virus Michael Barnes University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Christchurch Group, Janet Barnes Unit, Birmingham, UK 24.13.2: Spinal cord injury and its management Andrew J. Barr Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK 19.9: Osteoarthritis Jonathan Barratt Professor of Renal Medicine, University of Leicester; Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK 21.8.1: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP) Buddha Basnyat Oxford University Clinical Research Unit -​ Nepal; Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal 8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; 10.3.6: Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes D. Nicholas Bateman, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 10.4.1: Poisoning by drugs and chemicals David Bates Clinical Neurology, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, UK 24.5.5: The unconscious patient; 24.9: Brainstem syndromes Robert P. Baughman University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA 18.12: Sarcoidosis Peter J. Baxter School of Clinical Medicine, Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 10.3.8: Disasters: Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions Hannah Beckwith Specialist Registrar, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK 21.10.3: The kidney in rheumatological disorders Diederik van de Beek Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 24.11.1: Bacterial infections David A. Bender University College London, London, UK 11.2: Vitamins D.A. Bente University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA 8.5.16: Bunyaviridae Anthony R. Berendt Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 20.3: Osteomyelitis Stefan Berg Consultant in Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden 12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes David de Berker Bristol Dermatology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK 23.13: Hair and nail disorders Nancy Berliner H. Franklin Bunn Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 22.3.1: Granulocytes in health and disease; 22.4.1: Introduction to lymphopoiesis Jessica Bertrand Experimental Orthopedics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany 19.1: Joints and connective tissue—​structure and function J.M. Best King’s College London, London, UK 8.5.13: Rubella Delia B. Bethell Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 8.6.1: Diphtheria Kailash Bhatia Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK 24.7.3: Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease Vijaya Raj Bhatt Assistant Professor, Division of Hematology-​Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 22.4.3: Hodgkin lymphoma; 22.4.4: Non-​Hodgkin lymphoma Joya Bhattacharyya Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.5: Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract Paola Bianchi Oncohematology Unit—​ Pathophysiology of Anemias Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy 22.6.10: Erythrocyte enzymopathies Rudolf Bilous Professor of Clinical Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne; Academic Centre, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK 21.10.1: Diabetes mellitus and the kidney D. Bilton Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK 18.9: Bronchiectasis Jonathan I. Bisson Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK 26.5.9: Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-​traumatic stress disorder Carol M. Black Newnham College, Cambridge, UK 19.11.3: Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) S.R. Bloom Head of Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK 13.8: Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia; 15.9.1: Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract; 15.9.2: Carcinoid syndrome Johannes Blum Medical Services, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland 8.8.11: Human African trypanosomiasis † It is with great regret that we report that Tar-Ching Aw died on 18 July, 2017. Contributors xlvii Kristien Boelaert University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 13.3.1: The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function; 13.3.2: Thyroid cancer Eva Boonen Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University, B-​3000 Leuven, Belgium 17.9: Metabolic and endocrine changes in acute and chronic critical illness Christopher Booth† Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, Wellcome Building, London, UK 1.1: On being a patient Marina Botto Professor, Imperial College London, London, UK 4.2: The complement system Ralph Bouhaidar Consultant Forensic Pathologist, NHS Lothian; Honorary Senior Lecturer, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh; Training Programme Director for Forensic Histopathology (Scotland), UK 27.1: Forensic and legal medicine Henri-​Jean Boulouis Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-​Alfort, France 8.6.43: Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis P.-​M.G. Bouloux Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University College London Medical School, London, UK 13.6.2: Disorders of male reproduction and male hypogonadism S.J. Bourke Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 18.14.1: Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage; 18.14.2: Eosinophilic pneumonia; 18.14.3: Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung; 18.14.4: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis; 18.14.5: Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis; 18.14.6: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; 18.14.7: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; 18.14.8: Pulmonary amyloidosis; 18.14.9: Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia; 18.14.10: Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis; 18.14.12: Radiation pneumonitis; 18.14.13: Drug-​induced lung disease Ian C.J.W. Bowler Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.2.3: Nosocomial infections Louise Bowles Consultant Haematologist, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK 14.7: Thrombosis in pregnancy Paul Bowness Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4.1: The innate immune system Ray Boyapati Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Vic, Australia 15.17: Vascular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract Sally M. Bradberry NPIS (Birmingham Unit) and West Midlands Poisons Unit, City Hospital, Birmingham; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 10.4.1: Poisoning by drugs and chemicals Marcus Bradley North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK 24.3.3: Imaging in neurological diseases Tasanee Braithwaite Locum Consultant, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 25.1: The eye in general medicine Thomas Brandt Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany 24.6.2: Eye movements and balance Petter Brandtzaeg Emeritus Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway 8.6.5: Meningococcal infections Philippe Brasseur Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Sénégal, West Africa 8.8.3: Babesiosis Jürgen Braun Medical Director, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, Germany; Chair of Rheumatology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany 19.6: Spondyloarthritis and related conditions Evan M. Braunstein Hematology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 22.3.7: Primary myelofibrosis James D. Brenton Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 5.2: The nature and development of cancer: Cancer mutations and their implications J.A. Bridgewater Professor and Consultant in Medical Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK 15.16: Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract Frank Bridoux Professor of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Jean Bernard, Poitiers, France 21.10.5: Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-​based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias Charlotte K. Brierley Department of Haematology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 22.3.2: Myelodysplastic syndromes Alice Brockington University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 24.15: The motor neuron diseases Max Bronstein Advocacy and Science Policy, Every Life Foundation, Washington, DC, USA 2.9: Engaging patients in therapeutic development Gary Brook London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK 9.3: Sexual history and examination Arthur E. Brown Research Consultant, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand 8.6.21: Anthrax Anthony F.T. Brown Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia 17.3: Anaphylaxis Kevin E. Brown Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK 8.5.20: Parvovirus B19 Michael Brown Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.9.4: Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes Morris J. Brown Professor of Endocrine Hypertension, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Heart Centre, London, UK 16.17.3: Secondary hypertension Vanessa Brown Specialist Registrar, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK 15.4.2: Gastrointestinal bleeding Reto Brun Parasite Chemotherapy Unit, Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland 8.8.11: Human African trypanosomiasis Marco J. Bruno Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 15.26.2: Chronic pancreatitis Amy E. Bryant Research Professor, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, ID, USA 8.6.25: Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections Antony D.M. Bryceson London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.8.13: Leishmaniasis Nicolas C. Buchs Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 15.14: Colonic diverticular disease Camilla Buckley MRC Clinician Scientist and Honorary Consultant, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 24.24: Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome Simon J.A. Buczacki Honorary Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.4.1: The acute abdomen Enrico Bugiardini MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University College London, London, UK 24.19.1: Structure and function of muscle Alan Burnett Former Professor of Haematology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK 22.3.3: Acute myeloid leukaemia Gilbert Burnham John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA 8.9.1: Cutaneous filariasis Aine Burns Consultant Nephrologist and Director of Postgraduate Medical Education, Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free NHS Trust and University College Medical School, London, UK 21.19: Drugs and the kidney † It is with great regret that we report that Christopher Booth died on 13 July, 2012. Contributors xlviii Eileen Burns Leeds Centre for Older People’s Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK 6.11: Promotion of dignity in the life and death of older patients Harry Burns University of Strathclyde, UK 2.14: Deprivation and health N.P. Burrows Consultant Dermatologist, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 20.2: Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers–​Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum Rosie Burton Khayelitsha District Hospital, Corner of Walter Sisulu and Streve Biko Roads, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Africa 14.15: Maternal infection in pregnancy Andrew Bush Imperial College London, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 18.10: Cystic fibrosis Kate Bushby Newcastle University John Walton Centre for Muscular Dystrophy Research, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 24.19.2: Muscular dystrophy Gary Butler University College London Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK 13.7.1: Normal growth and its disorders William F. Bynum Professor Emeritus, University College London, London, UK 2.1: Science in medicine: When, how, and what Simone M. Cacciò European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy 8.8.5: Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis Djuna L. Cahen Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 15.26.2: Chronic pancreatitis P.M.A. Calverley School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 18.15: Chronic respiratory failure Jason Caplan Dignity Health Medical Group; St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center; Creighton University School of Medicine; Phoenix, AZ, USA 26.5.3: Organic psychoses Jonathan R. Carapetis Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia 16.9.1: Acute rheumatic fever Jordi Carratalà Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge -​ IDIBELL, Division of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 8.6.39: Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease R. Carter Consultant Pancreaticobiliary Surgeon, West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK 15.26.1: Acute pancreatitis Stuart Carter Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK 19.12: Miscellaneous conditions presenting to the rheumatologist David Carty Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Pharmacology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK 14.11: Endocrine disease in pregnancy Jaimini Cegla Imperial College London, London, UK 12.6: Lipid disorders Joseph Cerimele University of Washington, Washington, DC, USA 26.5.6: Depressive disorder Joshua T. Chai Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 16.13.1: Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis Richard E. Chaisson Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 8.6.26: Tuberculosis Romanee Chaiwarith Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 8.7.6: Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection Ben Challis University of Cambridge Medical School, Cambridge, UK 13.9.2: Hypoglycaemia Siddharthan Chandran Euan MacDonald Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (CCBS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 3.7: Stem cells and regenerative medicine; 24.10.2: Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system Keith Channon John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.1.1: Blood vessels and the endothelium Roger W. Chapman Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 15.23.4: Primary sclerosing cholangitis V. Krishna Chatterjee University of Cambridge Medical School, Cambridge, UK 13.1: Principles of hormone action Afzal Chaudhry Chief Clinical Information Officer, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 2.5: Bioinformatics K. Ray Chaudhuri National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK 24.7.2: Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases Patrick F. Chinnery University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 24.19.5: Mitochondrial disease Hector Chinoy University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 19.11.5: Inflammatory myopathies Peter L. Chiodini Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, UK 8.9.5: Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion Rossa W.K. Chiu Choh-​Ming Li Professor of Chemical Pathology, Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 3.9: Circulating DNA for molecular diagnostics Bruno B. Chomel School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, CA, USA 8.6.43: Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis Robin P. Choudhury University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 16.13.1: Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis Julia Choy National Health Service, London, UK 18.4.5: Pulmonary complications of HIV infection Lydia Chwastiak Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA 26.5.6: Depressive disorder Andrew L. Clark Chair of Clinical Cardiology and Honorary Consultant Cardiologist, Hull York Medical School, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK 16.5.2: Acute cardiac failure: Definitions, investigation, and management; 16.5.3: Chronic heart failure: Definitions, investigation, and management Andrew Clegg Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK 6.2: Frailty and sarcopenia John G.F. Cleland National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals Trust London, UK; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK 16.5.2: Acute cardiac failure: Definitions, investigation, and management; 16.5.3 Chronic heart failure: Definitions, investigation, and management Gavin Clunie Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 20.5: Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans S.M. Cobbe Previously Consultant Cardiologist, Glasgow Royal Infirmary; former BHF Walton Professor of Medical Cardiology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 16.2.2: Syncope and palpitation Fredric L. Coe The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, US 21.1: Structure and function of the kidney Sian Coggle Consultant Physician, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 30.1: Acute medical presentations; 30.2: Practical procedures Jon Cohen Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK 8.2.4: Infection in the immunocompromised host Contributors xlix Alasdair Coles Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK 24.10.2: Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system Jane Collier Consultant Hepatologist, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 8.5.22: Hepatitis C virus; 15.22.1: Investigation and management of jaundice Rory Collins Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.4: Large-​scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-​analyses of trials Juan D. Colmenero Infectious Diseases Service, Regional University Hospital, Málaga, Spain 8.6.22: Brucellosis Alastair Compston Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 24.1: Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease Juliet Compston University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 20.4: Osteoporosis Philip G. Conaghan Leeds University, Leeds, UK 19.9: Osteoarthritis Christopher P. Conlon Professor of Infectious Diseases, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.4: Travel and expedition medicine; 8.5.23: HIV/​ AIDS; 8.5.28: Molluscum contagiosum Simon Conroy Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 6.4: Older people and urgent care Cyrus Cooper MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 20.4: Osteoporosis John E. Cooper University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 8.8.8: Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis) Robert Cooper University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 19.11.5: Inflammatory myopathies Mhairi Copland Professor of Translational Haematology, Section of Experimental Haematology, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 22.3.4: Chronic myeloid leukaemia Susan J. Copley Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK 18.3.2: Thoracic imaging Jeremy Cordingley Peri-​Operative Medicine, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK 17.5: Acute respiratory failure Philip J. Cowen University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK 26.4.1: Psychopharmacology in medical practice Timothy M. Cox Professor of Medicine Emeritus, Director of Research, University of Cambridge; Honorary Consultant Physician, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 1.1: An older patient’s story; 12.1: The inborn errors of metabolism: General aspects; 12.3.1: Glycogen storage diseases; 12.3.2: Inborn errors of fructose metabolism; 12.3.3: Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolism; 12.5: The porphyrias; 12.7.1: Hereditary haemochromatosis; 12.8: Lysosomal disease; 13.11: The pineal gland and melatonin; 15.10.5: Disaccharidase deficiency; 22.6.4: Iron metabolism and its disorders S.E. Craig Oxford Sleep Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 18.1.1: The upper respiratory tract Matthew Cramp South West Liver Unit and Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK 8.5.21: Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) Robin A.F. Crawford Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 14.18: Malignant disease in pregnancy Daniel Creamer King’s College Hospital, London, UK 23.16: Cutaneous reactions to drugs Tim Crook North Middlesex Hospital, London, UK 5.7: Medical management of breast cancer Paul Cullinan Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK 18.7: Asthma Peter F. Currie Perth Royal Infirmary, Perth and Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK 16.9.3: Cardiac disease in HIV infection Nicola Curry Consultant Haematologist, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 22.7.3: Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function Goodarz Danaei Department of Global Health and Population, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 16.13.2: Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology and prevention Christopher J. Danpure Emeritus Professor of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK 12.10: Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxalurias Bhaskar Dasgupta University of Essex, Essex, UK; Anglia Ruskin University, East Anglia, UK; Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, UK 19.11.11: Polymyalgia rheumatica Pooja Dassan Consultant Neurologist, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK 14.12: Neurological conditions in pregnancy Andrew Davenport Professor of Dialysis and ICU Nephrology, UCL Department of Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK 21.4: Clinical investigation of renal disease Gail Davey Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK 10.5: Podoconiosis Alun Davies Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK 16.14.2: Peripheral arterial disease Helen E. Davies University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK 18.19.4: Mediastinal tumours and cysts R Justin Davies Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.4.1: The acute abdomen P.D.O. Davies Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK 8.6.27: Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria R. Rhys Davies Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK 24.3.1: Lumbar puncture Simon Davies Professor of Nephrology and Dialysis Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele; Consultant Nephrologist, University Hospital of North Midlands, Stoke-​on-​Trent, UK 21.7.2: Peritoneal dialysis Richard Dawkins New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.2: Evolution: Medicine’s most basic science Christopher P. Day Vice-​Chancellor and President, Newcastle University and Freeman Hospital Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 15.24.2: Non​alcoholic fatty liver disease Nicholas P.J. Day Mahidol-​Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.6.35: Leptospirosis; 8.6.41: Scrub typhus Colin Dayan University of Cardiff, Wales, UK 13.9.1: Diabetes Marc E. De Broe Professor of Medicine, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 21.9.2: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Kevin M. De Cock Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA 8.5.24: HIV in low-​ and middle-​income countries An S. De Vriese Division of Nephrology, AZ Sint-​Jan Brugge-​Oostende AV, Brugge, Belgium 21.8.4: Membranous nephropathy Patrick B. Deegan Consultant Metabolic Physician, Lysosomal Disorders Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 12.8 Lysosomal disease Contributors l Christopher Deighton Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK 19.2 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatological disorders David M. Denison Emeritus Professor of Clinical Physiology, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College London, London, UK 10.2.4: Diving medicine Christopher P. Denton Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL) Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 19.11.3: Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Ulrich Desselberger University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 8.5.8: Enterovirus infections; 8.5.9: Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting Patrick C. D’Haese Head of Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium 21.9.2: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Ashwin Dhanda Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK 8.5.21: Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) Jugdeep Dhesi Guys and St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK 6.6: Supporting older peoples’ care in surgical and oncological services Euan J. Dickson Consultant Pancreaticobiliary Surgeon, West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK 15.26.1: Acute pancreatitis Michael Doherty University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK 19.3: Clinical investigation; 19.10: Crystal-​related arthropathies Inderjeet S. Dokal Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK 22.5.1: Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes Jan Donck Department of Nephrology, AZ Sint-​ Lucas, Ghent, Belgium 21.10.4: The kidney in sarcoidosis Arjen M. Dondorp Mahidol-​Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand 8.8.2: Malaria Basil Donovan University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia 8.6.37: Syphilis Philip R. Dormitzer Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA 8.5.9: Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting Anne Dornhorst Imperial College Hospital, London, UK 14.10: Diabetes in pregnancy Charles G. Drake New York Presbyterian and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA 5.4: Cancer immunity and immunotherapy Hal Drakesmith MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22.6.5: Anaemia of inflammation Christopher Dudley Consultant Nephrologist, The Richard Bright Renal Unit, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK 16.14.3: Cholesterol embolism Susanna Dunachie Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 8.4: Travel and expedition medicine Lisa Dunkley Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK 19.12: Miscellaneous conditions presenting to the rheumatologist David Dunne University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust-​Cambridge, Centre for Global Health Research, UK; CAPREx, THRiVE-​Cambridge, and Cambridge-​Africa 8.11.1: Schistosomiasis Stephen R. Durham National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK 18.6: Allergic rhinitis Jeremy Dwight John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.2.1: Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue Jessica K. Dyson Newcastle University and Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 15.23.3: Primary biliary cholangitis Christopher P. Eades University College London, London, UK 8.7.5: Pneumocystis jirovecii Ian Eardley St James’s Hospital, Leeds, UK 13.6.4: Sexual dysfunction James E. East Consultant Gastroenterologist, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital; Associate Professor of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 15.3.1: Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy; 15.3.2: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Lars Eckmann Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 8.8.9: Giardiasis and balantidiasis Michael Eddleston Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 10.4.4: Poisonous plants Mark J. Edwards St George’s University of London, London, UK 24.7.1: Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus Richard Edwards School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 24.19.4: Metabolic and endocrine disorders Rosalind A. Eeles The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 5.3: The genetics of inherited cancers Tim Eisen Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Oncology Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK 5.2: The nature and development of cancer: Cancer mutations and their implications; 5.5: Clinical features and management; 21.18: Malignant diseases of the urinary tract Wagih El Masri(y) Keele University, Newcastle-​ under-​Lyme, UK; The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK 24.13.2: Spinal cord injury and its management Carole Eldin University Hospital Institute Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France 8.6.40: Rickettsioses Perry Elliott St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK 16.7.2: The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular; 16.7.3: Specific heart muscle disorders Christopher J. Ellis Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 8.2.1: Clinical approach Graham Ellis Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, UK 6.5: Older people in hospital Monique M. Elseviers Centre for Research and Innovation in Care (CRIC), University of Antwerp, Antwerp; Heymans Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 21.9.2: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Caroline Elston Respiratory Medicine and Adult Cystic Fibrosis, King’s College Hospital, London, UK 18.10: Cystic fibrosis M.A. Epstein Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 8.5.3: Epstein–​Barr virus Steve Epstein MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA 26.5.8: Anxiety disorders Wendy N. Erber Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia 22.2.2: Diagnostic techniques in the assessment of haematological malignancies Ari Ercole Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 24.5.6: Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness Edzard Ernst Emeritus Professor, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK 2.22: Complementary and alternative medicine Andrew P. Evan Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 21.14: Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis Mark Evans University of Cambridge Medical School, Cambridge, UK 13.9.2: Hypoglycaemia Contributors li Rhys D. Evans Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 11.1 Nutrition: Macronutrient metabolism; 16.1.2: Cardiac physiology Pamela Ewan Allergy Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 4.5: Allergy David W. Eyre Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 8.6.24 Clostridium difficile Lynette D. Fairbanks Purine Research Laboratory, Viapath, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK 12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism Christopher G. Fairburn Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 26.5.10: Eating disorders Carole Fakhry Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA 8.5.19: Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses Marie Fallon St Columba’s Hospice Chair of Palliative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 7.2: Pain management Sonia Fargue University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 12.10: Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxalurias Adam D. Farmer Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-​on-​Trent, UK 15.13: Irritable bowel syndrome I. Sadaf Farooqi Wellcome-​MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, UK 11.6: Obesity Jeremy Farrar Wellcome Trust, London, UK 2.17: Research in the developed world; 24.11.2: Viral infections Ken Farrington Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK 21.3: Clinical presentation of renal disease Hiva Fassihi King’s College London, London, UK 23.9: Photosensitivity John Feehally Emeritus Consultant Nephrologist, University Hospitals of Leicester; Honorary Professor of Renal Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 21.8.1: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP); 21.8.2: Thin membrane nephropathy Peter J. Fenner School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia 10.3.4: Drowning Florence Fenollar Aix-​Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France 15.10.6: Whipple’s disease Javier Fernández Consultant Hepatologist, Head of Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona; Associate Professor, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain; Member of the European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-​CLIF) 15.22.2: Cirrhosis and ascites Fernando C. Fervenza Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA 21.8.4: Membranous nephropathy Sarah Fidler Professor of HIV Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 8.5.23: HIV/​AIDS Richard E. Fielding Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 21.3: Clinical presentation of renal disease Roger G. Finch Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK 8.2.5: Antimicrobial chemotherapy Simon Finney Peri-​Operative Medicine, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK 17.5: Acute respiratory failure Helen V. Firth Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 24.20: Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system John D. Firth Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 16.16.1: Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; 16.17.1: Essential hypertension: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology; 16.17.2: Essential hypertension: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment; 16.19: Idiopathic oedema of women; 21.2.2: Disorders of potassium homeostasis; 21.5: Acute kidney injury; 21.7.3: Renal transplantation; 30.1: Acute medical presentations; 30.2: Practical procedures A.J. Fisher Professor of Respiratory Transplant Medicine, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 18.16: Lung transplantation Edward A. Fisher Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cell Biology, Smilow Research Centre, New York, NY, USA 16.13.1: Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis Rebecca C. Fitzgerald Professor of Cancer Prevention and MRC Programme Leader, MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/​MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK 15.7: Diseases of the oesophagus Michael E.B. FitzPatrick Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford; Senior Research Fellow, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 15.1: Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract R. Andres Floto Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK 3.5: Intracellular signalling Edward D. Folland University of Massachusetts Medical School, MA, USA 16.3.4: Cardiac catheterization and angiography; 16.13.5: Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures D. de Fonseka Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 18.17: Pleural diseases Carole Foot Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia 17.1: The seriously ill or deteriorating patient Alastair Forbes Norwich Medical School,  University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK 15.10.1: Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption Ewan Forrest Consultant Hepatologist and Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK 15.24.1: Alcoholic liver disease Rob Fowkes Royal Veterinary College, London, UK 13.1: Principles of hormone action Keith A.A. Fox Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 16.13.4: Management of acute coronary syndrome Stephen Franks Imperial College London, London, UK 13.6.1: Ovarian disorders Keith N. Frayn Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 11.1: Nutrition: Macronutrient metabolism Patrick French Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK; University College London, London, UK 9.6: Genital ulceration Izzet Fresko Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey 19.11.10: Behçet’s syndrome Peter S. Friedmann Emeritus Professor of Dermatology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 23.6: Dermatitis/​eczema Charlotte Frise Obstetric Medicine and Acute General Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 14.20: Prescribing in pregnancy Susannah J.A. Froude Consultant Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK 8.5.29: Newly discovered viruses Stephen J. Fuller Associate Professor, Medicine Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 22.6.8: Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells David A. Gabbott Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK 17.2: Cardiac arrest Contributors lii Simon M. Gabe Consultant Gastroenterologist, Intestinal Failure and Academic Unit, St Mark’s Hospital, London, UK 15.10.7: Effects of massive bowel resection Patrick G. Gallagher Professor of Pediatrics, Genetics and Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 22.6.9: Disorders of the red cell membrane Shreyans Gandhi King’s College Hospital/​King’s College London, London, UK 22.5.2: Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia Hector H. Garcia Center for Global Health, Tumbes and Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, and Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru 8.10.2: Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus); 8.10.3: Cysticercosis Hill Gaston University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 19.8: Reactive arthritis Rupert Gauntlett Critical Care Medicine and Obstetric Anaesthesia, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 14.19: Maternal critical care John Geddes University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 26.5.7: Bipolar disorder William Gelson Consultant Hepatologist, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.20: Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas Jacob George Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK 6.7: Drugs and prescribing in the older patient G.J. Gibson Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 18.3.1: Respiratory function tests John Gibson Professor of Oral Medicine and Honorary Consultant in Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK 15.6: The mouth and salivary glands J. van Gijn University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease Ian Giles Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK 19.11.1: Introduction Robert H. Gilman Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA 8.10.3: Cysticercosis Alexander Gimson Consultant Hepatologist, Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.19: Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel; 15.20: Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas; 15.24.4: Vascular disorders of the liver Matthew R. Ginks Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 16.4: Cardiac arrhythmias D.S. Giovanniello Medical Director, American Red Cross, Biomedical Services, Connecticut Blood Services Region, Farmington, CT, USA 22.8.1: Blood transfusion Mark A. Glover Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, St Richard’s Hospital, Chichester, UK 10.2.4: Diving medicine Peter J. Goadsby NIHR-​Wellcome Trust King’s Clinical Research Facility, King’s College London, London, UK 24.8: Headache David Goldblatt University College London, London, UK 8.3: Immunization Armando E. Gonzalez Center for Global Health, Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, and Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru 8.10.2: Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) E.C. Gordon-​Smith Professor of Haematology, St George’s Hospital, University of London, London, UK 22.8.2: Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation Martin Gore† The Royal Marsden, London, UK; The Institute of Cancer Research, University of London, London, UK 5.5: Clinical features and management Eduardo Gotuzzo Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru 8.5.25: HTLV-​1, HTLV-​2, and associated diseases Philip Goulder University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.5.23: HIV/​AIDS Alison D. Grant Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.5.24: HIV in low-​ and middle-​income countries Cameron C. Grant The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Starship Children’s Health, Auckland, New Zealand 8.6.15: Bordetella infection David Gray Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK 16.3.1: Electrocardiography Richard Gray Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.4: Large-​scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-​analyses of trials John R. Graybill Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA 8.7.3: Coccidioidomycosis Darren Green Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 16.5.4: Cardiorenal syndrome Manfred S. Green Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, St Richard’s Hospital, Chichester, UK 10.3.9: Bioterrorism Christopher D. Gregory University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK 3.6: Apoptosis in health and disease Christopher E.M. Griffiths Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 23.5: Papulosquamous disease Karolina Griffiths University Hospital Institute Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France 8.6.40: Rickettsioses Mark Griffiths Peri-​Operative Medicine, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK; Imperial College London, London, UK 17.5: Acute respiratory failure William J.H. Griffiths Consultant Hepatologist, Department of Hepatology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 12.7.1: Hereditary haemochromatosis; 15.24.6: Primary and secondary liver tumours J.P. Grünfeld Hôpital Universitaire Necker, Paris, France 21.12: Renal involvement in genetic disease D.J. Gubler Director, Program on Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Asian Pacific Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 8.5.12: Alphaviruses Richard L. Guerrant Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA, USA 8.6.12: Cholera Kaushik Guha Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK 16.5.1: Epidemiology and general pathophysiological classification of heart failure Nishan Guha Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 29.1: The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management Loïc Guillevin Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases, INSERM U1060, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique–​ Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France 19.11.8: Polyarteritis nodosa Mark Gurnell University of Cambridge Medical School, Cambridge, UK 13.1: Principles of hormone action; 13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex Oliver P. Guttmann St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK 16.7.2: The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular; 16.7.3: Specific heart muscle disorders Robert D.M. Hadden Consultant Neurologist, King’s College Hospital, London, UK 24.12: Disorders of cranial nerves; 24.16: Diseases of the peripheral nerves † It is with great regret that we report that Martin Gore died on 10 January, 2019. Contributors liii Zara Haider Kingston Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, UK 9.9: Principles of contraception Sophie Hambleton Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 4.4: Immunodeficiency Freddie C. Hamdy Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 21.18: Malignant diseases of the urinary tract Michael G. Hanna National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 24.19.1: Structure and function of muscle David M. Hansell Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK 18.3.2: Thoracic imaging Danielle Harari Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, London, UK 6.9: Bladder and bowels Kate Hardy Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK 13.6.1: Ovarian disorders Karen E. Harman Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK 23.7: Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria Peter Harper London Oncology Centre, London, UK 5.6: Systemic treatment and radiotherapy; 5.7: Medical management of breast cancer Steve Harper Consultant Renal and Transplant Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol; Honorary Professor, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Honorary Professor, School of Medicine, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK 21.1: Structure and function of the kidney James L. Harrison London Deanery, London, UK 16.9.2: Endocarditis Tina Hartert Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA 14.8: Chest diseases in pregnancy Christine Hartmann Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 19.1: Joints and connective tissue—​structure and function Nicholas C. Harvey MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 20.4: Osteoporosis Rowan Harwood Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK 6.5: Older people in hospital Helen Hatcher Consultant Medical Oncologist, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 20.6: Bone cancer Chris Hatton Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 22.1: Introduction to haematology; 22.3.9: Histiocytosis; 22.6.2: Anaemia: Pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features Philip N. Hawkins Professor of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London, London, UK 12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes; 12.12.3 Amyloidosis Keith Hawton Centre for Suicide Research, University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK 26.3.2: Self-​harm Deborah Hay Honorary Consultant Haematologist, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22.6.7: Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin; 22.6.9: Disorders of the red cell membrane Roderick J. Hay King’s College London, London, UK 8.6.31: Nocardiosis; 8.7.1: Fungal infections; 23.6: Dermatitis/​eczema; 23.10: Infections of the skin; 23.12: Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders Peter Hayes Professor of Hepatology, Liver Unit, University of Edinburgh; and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 15.22.3: Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding Catherine E.G. Head Consultant Cardiologist, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 14.6: Heart disease in pregnancy Eugene Healy Dermatopharmacology, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, UK 23.8: Disorders of pigmentation Nick Heather Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 26.6.1: Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption David W. Hecht Loyola University Health System, IL, USA 8.6.11: Anaerobic bacteria Thomas Hellmark Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 21.8.7: Antiglomerular basement membrane disease Michael Heneghan Professor of Hepatology and Consultant Hepatologist, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, UK 14.9: Liver and gastrointestinal diseases of pregnancy Michael Henein Umeå University, Sweden; Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK 16.6: Valvular heart disease; 16.8: Pericardial disease Martin F. Heyworth Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 8.8.9: Giardiasis and balantidiasis Liz Hickson Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia 17.1: The seriously ill or deteriorating patient Tran Tinh Hien Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 8.6.1: Diphtheria Katherine A. High Professor of Pediatrics Emerita, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; President and Head of R&D, Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA 22.7.4: Genetic disorders of coagulation Ingeborg Hilderson Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium 21.10.4: The kidney in sarcoidosis Tom R. Hill Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 11.2: Vitamins David Hilton-​Jones Muscular Dystrophy Campaign, Muscle and Nerve Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 24.18: Disorders of the neuromuscular junction; 24.19.3: Myotonia; 24.19.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders Matthew Hind Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK 18.5.1: Upper airway obstruction; 18.5.2: Sleep-​ related breathing disorders John Hindle Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Llandudno Hospital; School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK 6.10: Neurodegenerative disorders in older people N. Hirani Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK 18.11.2: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Gideon M. Hirschfield Lily and Terry Horner Chair in Autoimmune Liver Disease Research, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada 15.23.2: Autoimmune hepatitis Sarah Hobdey Veterans Medical Hospital, Boise, ID, USA 8.6.2: Streptococci and enterococci Herbert Hof MVZ Labor Limbach, Heidelberg, Germany 8.6.38: Listeriosis A.V. Hoffbrand Emeritus Professor of Haematology, University College, London, UK 22.6.6: Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemias Contributors liv Ronald Hoffman Albert A. and Vera G. List, Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/​ Oncology; Director, Myeloproliferative Disorders Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA 22.3.5: The polycythaemias; 22.3.6: Thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythaemia Georg F. Hoffmann Department of General Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 12.2 Protein-​dependent inborn errors of metabolism Tessa L. Holyoake† Professor of Experimental Haematology, Section of Experimental Haematology, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 22.3.4: Chronic myeloid leukaemia Roel Hompes Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands 15.14: Colonic diverticular disease Tony Hope St Cross College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 1.5: Medical ethics Julian Hopkin Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK 18.2: The clinical presentation of respiratory disease P. Hopkins Medical Director, Queensland Lung Transplant Service, Chermside, Qld, Australia 18.16: Lung transplantation Nicholas S. Hopkinson National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK 18.8: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Patrick Horner Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 8.6.45: Chlamydial infections; 9.5: Urethritis Bala Hota Rush University, Chicago, IL USA 8.6.4: Staphylococci Andrew R. Houghton Grantham and District Hospital, Grantham, UK; University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK 16.3.1: Electrocardiography Robert A. Huddart The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK 21.18: Malignant diseases of the urinary tract Harriet C. Hughes Consultant Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK 8.5.29: Newly discovered viruses Ieuan A. Hughes University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 13.5.2: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia James H. Hull The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK 18.5.1: Upper airway obstruction Adam Hurlow Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK 7.4: Care of the dying person Jane A. Hurst Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK 24.20: Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system Alastair Hutchison Medical Director and Professor of Renal Medicine, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK 21.6: Chronic kidney disease Peter J. Hutchinson University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 24.5.6: Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness Steve Iliffe Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK 6.3: Optimizing well-​being into old age Lawrence Impey Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 14.16: Fetal effects of maternal infection Jakko van Ingen Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 8.6.27: Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria Peter Irving Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 15.12: Ulcerative colitis John D. Isaacs Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University and Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 2.7 Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases; 19.5: Rheumatoid arthritis David A. Isenberg Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK 19.11.1: Introduction; 19.11.2: Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders Theodore J. Iwashyna Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia 17.12: Persistent problems and recovery after critical illness Arnaud Jaccard Service d’hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, CHU de Limoges—​Hôpital Dupuytren, Limoges, France 21.10.5: Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-​based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias Alan A. Jackson Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK 11.4: Severe malnutrition Thomas Jackson Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK 26.3.1: Confusion Anu Jacob National Neuromyelitis Optica Service, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK 24.13.1: Diseases of the spinal cord Caron A. Jacobson Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-​Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 22.4.1: Introduction to lymphopoiesis N. Asger Jakobsen Clinical Research Fellow, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22.2.1: Cellular and molecular basis of haematopoiesis Rajiv Jalan Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK 15.22.5: Liver failure Hannah Jarvis Respiratory Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK 18.4.4: Mycobacteria M.K. Javaid Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK 20.1: Skeletal disorders—​general approach and clinical conditions David Jayne Professor of Clinical Autoimmunity, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 19.11.7: ANCA-​associated vasculitis; 21.10.2: The kidney in systemic vasculitis Susan Jebb Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 26.6.2: Obesity and weight management Katie J.M. Jeffery Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Microbiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 8.5.22: Hepatitis C virus Rajesh Jena Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 5.6: Systemic treatment and radiotherapy Tom Jenkins University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 24.15: The motor neuron diseases Jørgen Skov Jensen Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark 8.6.46: Mycoplasmas Vivekanand Jha Executive Director, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Professor of Nephrology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 21.11: Renal diseases in the tropics Tingliang Jiang Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 2.8: Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine Alexis J. Joannides University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 3.7: Stem cells and regenerative medicine Anne M. Johnson Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK 9.2: Sexual behaviour † It is with great regret that we report that Tessa L. Holyoake died on 30 August, 2017. Contributors lv Colin Johnson Emeritus Professor of Surgical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 15.15: Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree M.R. Johnson Professor of Neurology and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK 24.5.1: Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood Elaine Jolly University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 30.1: Acute medical presentations; 30.2: Practical procedures D. Joly Necker-​Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France 21.12: Renal involvement in genetic disease Bryony Jones Imperial College Hospital, London, UK 14.10: Diabetes in pregnancy David E.J. Jones Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 15.23.3: Primary biliary cholangitis Bouke de Jong Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium 8.6.29: Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection Menno De Jong Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 24.11.2: Viral infections Iain Jordan Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 26.5.13: Personality disorders Emil Kakkis Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA 2.9: Engaging patients in therapeutic development Philip A. Kalra Consultant and Honorary Professor of Nephrology, Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK 16.5.4 Cardiorenal syndrome; 21.10.10: Atherosclerotic renovascular disease Eileen Kaner Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 26.6.1: Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption Theodoros Karamitos Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.3.3: Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT Niki Karavitaki Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK 13.2.1: Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland; 13.2.2: Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland Steven B. Karch Consultant in Cardiac Pathology and Toxicology, Berkeley, CA, USA 27.1: Forensic and legal medicine Fiona E. Karet Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 21.15: The renal tubular acidoses Arthur Kaser Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.5: Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract David Kavanagh Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 21.10.6: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome Fiona Kearney Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK 6.8: Falls, faints, and fragility fractures David Keeling Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.16.2: Therapeutic anticoagulation Andrew Kelion Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 16.3.3: Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT Julia Kelly Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.5.2: Sleep-​related breathing disorders Paul Kelly Professor of Tropical Gastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; TROPGAN Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia 8.8.6: Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis David P. Kelsell London Medical School, London, UK 23.3: Inherited skin disease Samuel Kemp Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK 18.2: The clinical presentation of respiratory disease Christopher Kennard Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 24.1: Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease; 24.6.1: Visual pathways Richard S.C. Kerr Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 24.11.3: Intracranial abscesses Satish Keshav† Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford; Professor of Gastroenterology, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 15.1: Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract Nigel S. Key Harold R. Roberts Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology-​Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 22.7.1: The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis Rajesh K. Kharbanda John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.13.4: Management of acute coronary syndrome Elham Khatamzas Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK 8.2.4: Infection in the immunocompromised host Peng T. Khaw Professor and Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon; Director of Research, Development and Innovation; Director, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK 25.1: The eye in general medicine B. Khoo University College London, London, UK 13.8: Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia; 15.9.2: Carcinoid syndrome Nine V.A.M. Knoers Professor in Clinical Genetics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands 21.16: Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling Stefan Kölker Consultant, Pediatric Metabolic Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg; Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany 12.2 Protein-​dependent inborn errors of metabolism Nils P. Krone University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 13.5.2: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Narong Khuntikeo Director, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Director, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand 8.11.2: Liver fluke infections Gudula Kirtschig Tübingen, Germany 14.13: The skin in pregnancy Suzanne Kite Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK 7.4: Care of the dying person John L. Klein Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 16.9.2: Endocarditis Paul Klenerman Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4.3: Adaptive immunity; 8.5.22: Hepatitis C virus Richard Knight Department of Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya 8.8.1: Amoebic infections; 8.8.10: Blastocystis infection; 8.9.2: Lymphatic filariasis; 8.9.3: Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis); 8.9.6: Angiostrongyliasis; 8.10.1: Cestodes (tapeworms) David Koh PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, SSH School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 10.2.5: Noise G.C.K.W. Koh Diseases of the Developing World, Alternative Drug Development, GlaxoSmithKline, UK 8.6.8: Pseudomonas aeruginosa M.A. Kokosi Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.11.4: The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders Onn Min Kon Respiratory Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK 18.4.4: Mycobacteria † It is with great regret that we report that Satish Keshav died on 23 January, 2019. Contributors lvi Adelheid Korb-​Pap Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany 19.1: Joints and connective tissue—​structure and function Vasilis Kouranos Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.11.3: Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia Christian Krarup Region Hovedstaden, Denmark 24.3.2: Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems Amy S. Kravitz United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington DC, USA 2.21: Humanitarian medicine Dinakantha S. Kumararatne Depatment of Clinical Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 4.4: Immunodeficiency Om P. Kurmi Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, St Richard’s Hospital, Chichester, UK 10.3.1: Air pollution and health Robert A. Kyle Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 22.4.6: Plasma cell myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies Peter L. Labib Clinical Research Fellow, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK 15.16: Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract Charles J.N. Lacey Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK 9.7: Anogenital lumps and bumps Helen J. Lachmann Senior Lecturer, National Amyloidosis Centre and Centre for Acute Phase Proteins, University College London Medical School, London, UK 12.12.2: Hereditary periodic fever syndromes Robin H. Lachmann Consultant in Inherited Metabolic Disease, Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 12.3.1: Glycogen storage diseases Ralph Lainson† Ex Director, the Wellcome Parisitology Unit, and research-worker, Department of Parasitology, Instiuto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia, Barro Levilầndia, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil 8.8.6: Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis Kin Bong Hubert Lam University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 10.3.1: Air pollution and health D.A. Lane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 16.4: Cardiac arrhythmias Peter C. Lanyon Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK 19.3: Clinical investigation Andrew J. Larner Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK 24.3.1: Lumbar puncture; 24.5.4: Syncope; 24.13.1: Diseases of the spinal cord Malcolm Law Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 2.12 Medical screening Tim Lawrence Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 24.10.3: Traumatic brain injury; 24.11.3: Intracranial abscesses Stephen M. Lawrie Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 26.5.11: Schizophrenia Alison M. Layton Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust, Harrogate, UK 23.11: Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders James W. Le Duc Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA 8.5.16: Bunyaviridae Susannah Leaver St George’s NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 17.5: Acute respiratory failure Y.C. Gary Lee Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia 18.17: Pleural diseases; 18.19.3 Pleural tumours; 18.19.4 Mediastinal tumours and cysts Haur Yueh Lee National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, China; Kings Drugs Reaction Group, King’s College London, London, UK 23.16: Cutaneous reactions to drugs Richard W.J. Lee Director, Uveitis and Scleritis Service, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK 25.1: The eye in general medicine Evelyne de Leeuw Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation, UNSW Sydney, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Ingham Institute, Australia 2.13: Health promotion Yee-​Sin Leo National Centre for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 8.5.15: Dengue Phillip D. Levin Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 17.10: Palliative and end-​of-​life care in the ICU Elena N. Levtchenko Professor in Pediatric Nephrology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, the Netherlands 21.16: Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling Su Li Department of Epidemiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China 5.7: Medical management of breast cancer Fulong Liao Professor, Biomechanopharmacology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 2.8: Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine Ted Liao MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA 26.5.8: Anxiety disorders Oliver Liesenfeld Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA 8.8.4: Toxoplasmosis Liz Lightstone, Professor of Renal Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 21.10.3: The kidney in rheumatological disorders Wei Shen Lim Consultant Respiratory Physician and Honorary Professor of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK 18.4.2: Pneumonia in the normal host; 18.4.3: Nosocomial pneumonia Aldo A.M. Lima Biomedicine Center and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil 8.6.12: Cholera Gregory Y.H. Lip Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark 16.4: Cardiac arrhythmias; 16.17.5: Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies Mark A. Little Professor of Nephrology and Consultant Nephrologist, Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin; Tallaght and Beaumont Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland 21.8.5: Proliferative glomerulonephritis; 21.8.6: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis P. Little University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 18.4.1: Upper respiratory tract infections William A. Littler The Priory Hospital, Birmingham, UK 16.9.2: Endocarditis A. Llanos-​Cuentas School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru 8.6.44: Bartonella bacilliformis infection Y.M. Dennis Lo Li Ka Shing Professor of Medicine, Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 3.9: Circulating DNA for molecular diagnostics Diana N.J. Lockwood London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.6.28: Leprosy (Hansen’s disease); 8.8.13: Leishmaniasis David A. Lomas Vice Provost (Health) and Head of UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK 12.13: α1-​Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies; 15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumours Alan Lopez University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia 2.3: The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations † It is with great regret that we report that Ralph Lainson died on 5 May, 2015. Contributors lvii Constantino López-Macias Mexican Society of Immunology, Mexico; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4.3: Adaptive immunity David A. Low Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK 24.14: Diseases of the autonomic nervous system Elyse E. Lower University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA 18.12: Sarcoidosis Katharine Lowndes Department of Haematology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester UK 14.17: Blood disorders in pregnancy Angela K. Lucas-​Herald School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK 13.7.3: Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation Ingrid E. Lundberg Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Sloan, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 19.11.5: Inflammatory myopathies James R. Lupski Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA 3.2: The genomic basis of medicine Raashid Luqmani Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford Rheumatology Department, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK 19.11.6: Large vessel vasculitis Linda Luxon National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK 24.6.3: Hearing loss Jean Paul Luzio Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK 3.1: The cell Lucio Luzzatto Department of Haematology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 22.5.3: Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria; 22.6.11: Glucose-​6-​phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Graz A. Luzzi Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe, UK 9.3: Sexual history and examination Kate D. Lynch Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 15.23.4: Primary sclerosing cholangitis David Mabey Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.6.36: Non-​venereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta; 8.6.45: Chlamydial infections; 9.1: Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections Peter K. MacCallum Senior Lecturer in Haematology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK 14.7: Thrombosis in pregnancy Alasdair MacGowan Department of Medical Microbiology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK 8.2.5: Antimicrobial chemotherapy Lucy Mackillop Obstetric Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 14.20 Prescribing in pregnancy Gael M. MacLean Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 13.6.3: Benign breast disease Kenneth T. MacLeod National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 16.1.2: Cardiac physiology Alasdair MacLullich Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK 6.5: Older people in hospital Jane Macnaughtan Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK 15.22.5: Liver failure Robert Mactier Consultant Nephrologist, Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, South Glasgow University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK 21.7.1: Haemodialysis C. Maguiña-​Vargas School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru 8.6.44: Bartonella bacilliformis infection Michael Maher Professor of Radiology, University College Cork and Consultant Radiologist, Cork University Hospital and Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland 15.3.3: Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract Malegapuru W. Makgoba National Health Ombud, Pretoria, South Africa; College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-​Natal, Durban, South Africa; National Planning Commission of South Africa; Universities of Natal and KwaZulu-​Natal, Durban, South Africa; MRC (SA), Cape Town, South Africa 2.18: Fostering medical and health research in resource-​constrained countries Govind K. Makharia Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India 15.10.8: Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics Hadi Manji The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 24.11.4: Neurosyphilis and neuro-​AIDS J.I. Mann Edgar Diabetes and Obesity Research Centre (EDOR), Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 11.5: Diseases of affluent societies and the need for dietary change David Mant University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.11: Preventive medicine G.A. Margaritopoulos Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.11.5: The lung in vasculitis Anthony M. Marinaki Purine Research Laboratory, Viapath, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK 12.4: Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism Chiara Marini-​Bettolo Newcastle University John Walton Centre for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 24.19.2: Muscular dystrophy Michael Marks Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.6.36: Non-​venereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta Paul Marks Honorary Consultant Neurosurgeon, Harrogate District Hospital, Harrogate; Her Majesty’s Senior Coroner for the City of Kingston upon Hull and the County of the East Riding of Yorkshire; Vice President, Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine, London, UK; Honorary Professor of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi 27.1: Forensic and legal medicine Thomas J. Marrie Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada 8.6.42: Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever) Judith C.W. Marsh King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK 22.5.2: Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia Sara Marshall Wellcome Trust, London, UK 4.4: Immunodeficiency Steven B. Marston National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK 16.1.2: Cardiac physiology Maria do Rosario O. Martins University Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal 2.16: Financing healthcare in low-​income developing countries: A challenge for equity in health Thiviyani Maruthappu Kelsell Group, Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 23.3: Inherited skin disease Duncan J. Maskell University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 8.1.1: Biology of pathogenic microorganisms N.A. Maskell Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol, UK 18.17: Pleural diseases Jay W. Mason Cardiology Division, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 16.7.1: Myocarditis Tahir Masud Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK 6.8: Falls, faints, and fragility fractures Christopher J. Mathias Stoke Poges, UK 24.14: Diseases of the autonomic nervous system Contributors lviii Fadi Matta Associate Professor, Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Collage of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 16.16.1: Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Eric L. Matteson Division of Rheumatology, Divisions of Rheumatology and Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA 19.11.11: Polymyalgia rheumatica Kieran McCafferty Consultant Nephrologist, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK 21.17: Urinary tract obstruction Fergus McCarthy Division of Women’s Health, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK 14.4: Hypertension in pregnancy Brian W. McCrindle University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada 19.11.12: Kawasaki disease Theresa A. McDonagh King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK 16.5.1: Epidemiology and general pathophysiological classification of heart failure A.D. McGavigan Flinders University, SA, Australia 16.2.2: Syncope and palpitation; 16.4: Cardiac arrhythmias Fiona McGill Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 24.11.2: Viral infections John A. McGrath Genetic Skin Disease Group, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London (Guy’s Campus), London, UK 23.1: Structure and function of skin Alastair McGregor Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, London Northwest Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 8.11.4: Intestinal trematode infections Jane McGregor Clinical Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Dermatologist, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK 23.9: Photosensitivity Iain B. McInnes University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 3.3: Cytokines C.J. McKay Consultant Pancreaticobiliary Surgeon, West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK 15.26.1: Acute pancreatitis William J. McKenna The Heart Hospital, University College London, London, UK 16.7.2: The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular Curtis McKnight Dignity Health Medical Group; St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center; Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA 26.5.3: Organic psychoses Alison McMillan East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK 18.5.2: Sleep-​related breathing disorders Martin A. McNally The Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK 20.3: Osteomyelitis Regina McQuillan St Francis Hospice and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland 7.3: Symptoms other than pain Simon Mead MRC Prion Unit, University College London, Institute of Prion Diseases; NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK 24.11.5: Human prion diseases Jill Meara Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, St Richard’s Hospital, Chichester, UK 10.3.7: Radiation Wajahat Z. Mehal Section of Digestive Diseases Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 15.21: Pathobiology of chronic liver disease Tobias F. Menne Consultant Haematologist, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 22.4.2: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia David K. Menon Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, UK; Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Royal College of Anaesthetists, London, UK; Queens’ College, Cambridge, UK; National Institute for Health Research, UK 17.7: Management of raised intracranial pressure Andrew Menzies-​Gow Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK 18.7: Asthma Catherine H. Mercer Professor of Sexual Health Science, Centre for Population Research in Sexual Health and HIV, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK 9.2: Sexual behaviour Vinod K. Metta Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK 24.7.2: Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases Jan H. ter Meulen Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany 8.5.17: Arenaviruses; 8.5.18: Filoviruses Wayne M. Meyers Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, USA 8.6.29: Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection Paul K. Middleton Clinical Research Fellow, Institute of Liver Studies, Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, King’s College Hospital, London, UK 15.22.4: Hepatic encephalopathy Stephen J. Middleton Consultant Gastroenterologist, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge; Consultant Gastroenterologist (Hon.) St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, London; Associate Professor (Hon.) Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK 15.10.2: Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine; 15.10.7: Effects of massive bowel resection Mark E. Mikkelsen Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 17.12: Persistent problems and recovery after critical illness Michael A. Miles Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.8.12: Chagas disease Robert F. Miller University College London, London, UK 8.7.5: Pneumocystis jirovecii Dawn S. Milliner Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics at the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA 12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxalurias K.R. Mills King’s College London, London, UK 24.3.4: Investigation of central motor pathways: Magnetic brain stimulation Philip Minor National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Ridge, UK 8.5.8: Enterovirus infections Fraz A. Mir Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 16.17.3: Secondary hypertension Pramod K. Mistry Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease Andrew R.J. Mitchell Jersey General Hospital, Jersey, UK 16.3.2: Echocardiography; 16.14.1: Acute aortic syndromes Oriol Mitjà Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Spain; Lihir Medical Centre, InternationalSOS, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea 8.6.36: Non-​venereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta Aarthi R. Mohan Obstetrics and Maternal Medicine, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK 14.21: Contraception for women with medical diseases Fiachra Moloney Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland 15.3.3: Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract P.L. Molyneaux Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.11.2: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Contributors lix Andrew J. Molyneux The Manor Hospital, Oxford, UK 24.3.3: Imaging in neurological diseases Peter D. Mooney Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 15.10.3: Coeliac disease Anthony V. Moorman Professor of Genetic Epidemiology, Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 22.4.2: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Pilar Morata Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain 8.6.22: Brucellosis Marina S. Morgan Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK 8.6.19: Pasteurella Michael L. Moritz Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Clinical Director, Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 21.2.1: Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis Pedro L. Moro Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 8.10.2: Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) Mary J. Morrell Imperial College London, London, UK 18.5.2: Sleep-​related breathing disorders Nicholas W. Morrell British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiopulmonary Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 16.15.1: Structure and function of the pulmonary circulation; 16.15.2: Pulmonary hypertension Emma C. Morris Professor, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK and Honorary Consultant, University College London Medical School, London, UK 22.8.2: Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation Neil J.McC. Mortensen Professor of Colorectal Surgery, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford; Honorary Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 15.14: Colonic diverticular disease Peter S. Mortimer St George’s University of London; St George’s Hospital, London; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK 16.18: Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema; 23.12: Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders Ghulam J. Mufti King’s College Hospital/​King’s College London, London, UK 22.5.2: Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia Victoria Mulcahy Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK 15.10.1: Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption David R. Murdoch Professor and Head of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand 10.3.6: Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes Paul Murphy NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK 17.11: Diagnosis of death and organ donation Christopher Murray University of Washington, WA, USA 2.3: The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations Jean B. Nachega Departments of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA; Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa 8.6.26: Tuberculosis Robert B. Nadelman Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA 8.6.33: Lyme borreliosis Alexandra Nanzer-​Kelly Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK 18.7: Asthma Nikolai V. Naoumov Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland 8.5.21: Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) Kikkeri N. Naresh Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College, London, UK 15.10.4: Gastrointestinal lymphomas Kate Nash University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK 15.23.1: Hepatitis A to E N. Navani University College Hospital, London, UK 18.19.1: Lung cancer Catherine Nelson-​Piercy Obstetric Medicine, Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, London, UK 14.14: Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy Randolph M. Nesse Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, AZ, USA 2.2: Evolution: Medicine’s most basic science Peter J. Nestor German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany 24.4.1: Disturbances of higher cerebral function Stefan Neubauer Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.3.3: Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT James Neuberger Hon Consultant Physician, Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK 15.24.5: The liver in systemic disease James D. Newton Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 16.3.2: Echocardiography; 16.14.1: Acute aortic syndromes Paul N. Newton Lao-​Oxford-​Mahosot Hospital-​ Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford; Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.10: Medicine quality, physicians, and patients Wan-​Fai Ng Newcastle University and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical, Research Centre for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 19.11.4: Sjögren’s syndrome A.G. Nicholson Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust; Professor of Respiratory Pathology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK 18.11.2: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Jerry P. Nolan Warwick Medical School, Coventry; Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK 17.2: Cardiac arrest John Nowakowski New York Medical College, NY, USA 8.6.33: Lyme borreliosis Paul Nyirjesy Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 9.4: Vaginal discharge Sarah O’Brien Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 15.18: Gastrointestinal infections Amy O’Donnell Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 26.6.1: Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption Nigel O’Farrell Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK 8.6.14: Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid John G. O’Grady Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, UK 15.22.6: Liver transplantation Denis O’Mahony Department of Medicine, University College Cork and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland 6.7: Drugs and prescribing in the older patient E.E. Ooi Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 8.5.12: Alphaviruses Susie Orme Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK 6.9: Bladder and bowels Kevin O’Shaughnessy Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2.6: Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy Contributors lx Edel O’Toole Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; and Department of Dermatology, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK 23.14: Tumours of the skin Petra C.F. Oyston Biomedical Sciences, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, UK 8.6.20: Francisella tularensis infection Jacqueline Palace Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 24.18: Disorders of the neuromuscular junction Thomas Pap Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany 19.1: Joints and connective tissue—​structure and function Jayan Parameshwar Consultant Cardiologist, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK 16.5.5: Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support Daniel H. Paris University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Rickettsial Research (Oxford Tropical Network); Mahidol-​Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 8.6.41: Scrub typhus Sarah Parish Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.4: Large-​scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-​analyses of trials Mike Parker Ethox Centre, Oxford, UK 1.5: Medical ethics Miles Parkes Consultant Gastroenterologist, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 15.11: Crohn’s disease Philippe Parola University Hospital Institute Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France 8.6.40: Rickettsioses Christopher M. Parry Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan 8.6.9: Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers Judith Partridge Guys and St Thomas’ Hospitals London, UK 6.6: Supporting older peoples’ care in surgical and oncological services Sant-​Rayn Pasricha MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22.6.5: Anaemia of inflammation Harnish Patel Academic Geriatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 6.2: Frailty and sarcopenia Raj Patel Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK 9.6: Genital ulceration Sejal Patel Oxford Childrens Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 13.7.2: Normal puberty and its disorders John Paul SE region, National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK 8.6.47: A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans; 8.12: Non​venomous arthropods Jason Payne-​James Specialist in Forensic and Legal Medicine and Consultant Forensic Physician; Lead Medical Examiner, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, UK; Honorary Clinical Professor, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Consultant Editor-​in-​Chief, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine; Director, Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Southminster, UK 27.1: Forensic and legal medicine Sharon J. Peacock University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 8.6.8: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 8.6.16: Melioidosis and glanders Fiona Pearce Clinical Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK 19.2: Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatological disorders Rupert Pearse Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 17.4: Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgery Malik Peiris School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China 8.5.1: Respiratory tract viruses Neil Pendleton School of Biological Sciences, Faculty Biology Medicine and Health and Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 6.1: Ageing and clinical medicine Hugh Pennington University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK 8.6.7: Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning Mark B. Pepys Director, Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, and Honorary Consultant Physician, National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London, London, UK 12.12.1 The acute phase response and C-​reactive protein; 12.12.3 Amyloidosis Stephen P. Pereira Professor of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London; Consultant Hepatologist and Gastroenterologist, University College Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 15.16: Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract; 15.26.3: Tumours of the pancreas Gavin D. Perkins Warwick Medical School, Coventry; Intensive Care Unit, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK 17.2: Cardiac arrest David J. Perry Previously Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 14.17: Blood disorders in pregnancy Hans Persson Swedish Poisons Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 10.4.3: Poisonous fungi; 10.4.4: Poisonous plants Eskild Petersen Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark 8.8.4: Toxoplasmosis L.R. Petersen Director, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 8.5.12: Alphaviruses Trevor N. Petney Professor, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Paleontology and Evolution, Organization/​ University State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany 8.11.2: Liver fluke infections Philippa Peto Consultant in Renal and Acute Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK 1.6: Clinical decision-​making Richard Peto Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.4: Large-​scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-​analyses of trials; 5.1: Epidemiology of cancer Timothy E.A. Peto Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 1.6: Clinical decision-​making; 8.5.23: HIV/​AIDS John D. Pickard University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 24.5.6: Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness Matthew C. Pickering Imperial College London, London, UK 4.2: The complement system Massimiliano di Pietro Senior Clinical Investigator Scientist and Consultant Gastroenterologist, MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/​MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK 15.7: Diseases of the oesophagus Michael R. Pinsky Professor Critical Care Medicine, Bio­engineering, Cardiovascular Disease and Anesthesiology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 17.6: Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill Julia Platts University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK 13.9.1: Diabetes Raymond J. Playford, Professor of Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK; Vice President Research Strategy, Pantheryx Inc., Boulder, CO, USA 15.10.2: Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine; 15.10.7: Effects of massive bowel resection Michael I. Polkey Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.15: Chronic respiratory failure; 18.18 Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm Contributors lxi Eleanor S. Pollak Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (retired), Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 22.7.4: Genetic disorders of coagulation Andrew J. Pollard Professor of Paediatric Infection and Immunity at the University of Oxford, Director of the Oxford Vaccine Group, Fellow of St Cross College and Honorary Consultant Paediatrician at the Children’s Hospital, Oxford, UK 10.3.6: Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes Aaron Polliack Emeritus Professor, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 22.4.5: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Allyson M. Pollock Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 2.15: How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare? Cristina Ponte Department of Rheumatology, Hospital de Santa Maria -​ CHLN, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 19.11.6: Large vessel vasculitis Kyle J. Popovich Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA 8.6.4: Staphylococci Françoise Portaels Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium 8.6.29: Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection John B. Porter Professor of Haematology and Consultant Haematologist, University College London Hospitals, London, UK 22.6.4: Iron metabolism and its disorders Stephen Potts Department of Psychological Medicine, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK 26.5.5: Substance misuse William G. Powderly Division of Infectious Diseases and Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA 8.7.2: Cryptococcosis Janet Powell Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK 16.14.2: Peripheral arterial disease Amy Powers Associate Professor of Pathology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Department of Pathology, Honolulu, HI, USA 22.6.12: Acquired haemolytic anaemia Ann M. Powers Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 8.5.12: Alphaviruses Anton Pozniak Department of HIV and GUM, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 18.4.5: Pulmonary complications of HIV infection Bernard D. Prendergast John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.9.2: Endocarditis Michael Prentice School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland 8.6.17: Plague: Yersinia pestis; 8.6.18: Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis David Price Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 2.15: How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare? Christopher Pugh Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 21.14: Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis Meredith Pugh Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA 14.8: Chest diseases in pregnancy Graham Raftery South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK 19.7: Infection and arthritis Kazem Rahimi The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 16.13.2: Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology and prevention Anisur Rahman Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK 19.11.2: Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders Tim Raine IBD Lead and Consultant Gastroenterologist, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK 15.11: Crohn’s disease K. Rajappan Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 16.2.2: Syncope and palpitation S. Vincent Rajkumar Edward W. and Betty Knight Scripps Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 22.4.6: Plasma cell myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies Mary Ramsay Health Protection Agency, London, UK 8.3: Immunization A.C. Rankin Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK 16.2.2: Syncope and palpitation Didier Raoult University Hospital Institute  Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France 8.6.40: Rickettsioses; 15.10.6: Whipple’s disease Michael Rawlins Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK 2.19: Regulation versus innovation in medicine Phillip Read University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia 8.6.37: Syphilis Michael C. Reade Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Joint Health Command, Australian Defence Force, Canberra, ACT, Australia 17.8: Sedation and analgesia in the ICU Paul J. Reading Department of Sleep Medicine, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK 24.5.3: Sleep disorders Jeremy Rees National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 24.23: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes; 24.10.4: Intracranial tumours P.T. Reid Respiratory Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK 18.13: Pneumoconioses Shelley Renowden North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK 24.3.3: Imaging in neurological diseases John Richens Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK 8.6.10: Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) Alan B. Rickinson Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 8.5.3: Epstein–​Barr virus B.K. Rima Wellcome-​Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK 8.5.5: Mumps: Epidemic parotitis David J. Roberts Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford; Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK 22.6.3: Anaemia as a challenge to world health Harold R. Roberts Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology-​Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 22.7.1: The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis Irene Roberts Department of Paediatrics and MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22.5.1: Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes Douglas Robertson Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Restorative Dentistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 15.6: The mouth and salivary glands Marcus Robertson Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist, Monash Health, Vic, Australia; Monash University Department of Medicine, Vic, Australia 15.22.3: Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding Esther Robinson Public Health England, Birmingham, UK 8.6.13: Haemophilus influenzae T.A. Rockall Professor of Colorectal Surgery, University of Surrey; Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Royal Surrey County Hospital Guildford, UK 15.4.2: Gastrointestinal bleeding Edward Roddy Keele University, Keele, UK 19.10: Crystal-​related arthropathies Simon D. Roger Renal Physician, Conjoint Professor, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; Director, Department of Renal Medicine, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW, Australia 21.9.1: Acute interstitial nephritis Contributors lxii Jean-​Marc Rolain IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France 8.6.43: Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis Pierre Ronco Professor of Renal Medicine, University Pierre et Marie Curie, and Inserm Unit UMR_​S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France 21.10.5: Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-​based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias Antony Rosen Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 4.6: Autoimmunity Jonathan D.C. Ross University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK 9.8: Pelvic inflammatory disease Shannan Lee Rossi Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases; Member, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA 8.5.14: Flaviviruses excluding dengue Peter M. Rothwell Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease Simon M. Rushbrook Department of Hepatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust, Norwich, UK 15.24.6: Primary and secondary liver tumours Nigel Russell Professor of Haematology, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK 22.3.3: Acute myeloid leukaemia Fiona Ryan Oxford Childrens Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 13.7.2: Normal puberty and its disorders Nikant Sabharwal Department of Cardiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 16.3.3: Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT Alan D. Salama University College London, London, UK 21.8.5: Proliferative glomerulonephritis Moin Saleem Professor of Paediatric Renal Medicine, University of Bristol Children’s Renal Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK 21.8.3: Minimal change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Hesham A. Saleh Charing Cross Hospital and Royal Brompton Hospital, London; Imperial College London, London, UK 18.6: Allergic rhinitis Susan Salt Trinity Hospice, Blackpool, UK 7.1: Introduction to palliative care Nilesh J. Samani Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 16.17.4: Mendelian disorders causing hypertension Luis G. Sambo University Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal 2.16: Financing healthcare in low-​income developing countries: A challenge for equity in health David S. Sanders Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 15.10.3: Coeliac disease Jeremy Sanderson Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 15.12: Ulcerative colitis Vijay G. Sankaran Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Hematology/​Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-​Farber/​Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA 22.6.1: Erythropoiesis Swati Sathe Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA 24.17: Inherited neurodegenerative diseases Brian P. Saunders Consultant Gastroenterologist, St Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals Trust; Adjunct Professor of Endoscopy, Imperial College London, London, UK 15.3.1: Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy Kate E.A. Saunders University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK 26.3.2: Self-​harm; 26.5.7: Bipolar disorder Rana Sayeed Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 16.13.6: Coronary artery bypass and valve surgery John A. Sayer Institute Of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 21.15: The renal tubular acidoses Claire Scampion Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK 6.11: Promotion of dignity in the life and death of older patients Matthew Scarborough Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.2.3: Nosocomial infections Klaus P. Schaal Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany 8.6.30: Actinomycoses Michael L. Schilsky Associate Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, Adult Liver Transplant, Yale-​New Haven Transplantation Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 12.7.2: Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease Jonathan M. Schott Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK 24.4.2: Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias Heinz-​Peter Schultheiss Institut Kardiale Diagnostik und Therapie (IKDT), Berlin, Germany 16.7.1: Myocarditis Jane Schwebke University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA 8.8.14: Trichomoniasis Neil Scolding University of Bristol Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK 24.21: Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system; 24.22: Neurological complications of systemic disease Anthony Scott KEMRI-​Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.6.3: Pneumococcal infections James Scott Imperial College London, London, UK 12.6: Lipid disorders Rebecca Scott Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK 15.9.1: Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract Mårten Segelmark Professor of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Department of Nephrology Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden 21.8.7: Antiglomerular basement membrane disease Julian Seifter Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA 12.11: A physiological approach to acid–base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid compartments Bhuvaneish T. Selvaraj University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 3.7: Stem cells and regenerative medicine Amartya Sen Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2.20: Human disasters Arjune Sen Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 24.5.1: Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood Debasish Sen Occupational Medicine, University of Manchester, UK 10.2.1: Occupational and environmental health Nicholas J. Severs National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 16.1.2: Cardiac physiology Pallav L. Shah Imperial College London, London, UK 18.1.1: The upper respiratory tract; 18.1.2: Airways and alveoli; 18.3.3: Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsy Muddassir Shaikh James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK 19.7: Infection and arthritis Alena Shantsila University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 16.17.5: Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies Susie Shapiro Consultant Haematologist, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 22.7.3: Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function Claire C. Sharpe Professor of Renal Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK 21.10.7: Sickle cell disease and the kidney Contributors lxiii Michael Sharpe Psychological Medicine Research, University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK 26.1: General introduction; 26.2: The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient; 26.3.3: Medically unexplained symptoms; 26.4.2: Psychological treatments; 26.5.12: Somatic symptom and related disorders; 26.7: Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicine Pamela J. Shaw Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK 24.15: The motor neuron diseases Debbie L. Shawcross Professor of Hepatology and Chronic Liver Failure, Institute of Liver Studies, Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, King’s College Hospital, London, UK 15.22.4: Hepatic encephalopathy Bart Sheehan Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 26.3.1: Confusion; 26.5.1: Delirium; 26.5.2: Dementia Neil Sheerin Professor of Nephrology, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 21.13: Urinary tract infection Mark Sherlock General Medicine and Emergency Medicine, NHS, UK; Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Paris, France 13.5.1: Disorders of the adrenal cortex Jackie Sherrard Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe, UK 8.6.6: Neisseria gonorrhoeae; 9.3: Sexual history and examination M.A. Shikanai-​Yasuda Faculdade Medicina, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil 8.7.4: Paracoccidioidomycosis Brian Shine Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 29.1: The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management John M. Shneerson Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, UK 18.18: Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm Volha Shpadaruk Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK 23.7: Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria Joachim Sieper Free University, Berlin, Germany 19.6: Spondyloarthritis and related conditions Udomsak Silachamroon Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 8.11.3: Lung flukes (paragonimiasis) Leslie Silberstein Director, Transfusion Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 22.6.12: Acquired haemolytic anaemia Jorge Simões University Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal 2.16: Financing healthcare in low-​income developing countries: A challenge for equity in health Alexandra Sinclair Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 24.10.5: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Rod Sinclair Department of Dermatology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Sinclair Dermatology Investigational Research, Education and Clinical Trials, East Melbourne, Vic, Australia 23.17: Management of skin disease Joseph Sinning Regional Cancer Care Associates, Hartford, CT, USA 22.3.1: Granulocytes in health and disease Thira Sirisanthana Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 8.7.6: Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection J.G.P. Sissons† University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK 8.5.2: Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–​Barr virus) Paiboon Sithithaworn Professor, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Professor Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand 8.11.2: Liver fluke infections James R.A. Skipworth Consultant HPB and General Surgeon, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK 15.26.3: Tumours of the pancreas Geoffrey L. Smith University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 8.5.4: Poxviruses Roger Smyth Department of Psychological Medicine, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK 26.2: The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient Rosamund Snow† BMJ, Tavistock Square, London, UK 1.3: What patients wish you understood E.L. Snyder Professor, Laboratory Medicine, Yale University Medical School; Director, Transfusion/​ Apheresis/​Tissue/​Cell Processing Services, Yale-​New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA 22.8.1: Blood transfusion Jasmeet Soar Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK 17.2: Cardiac arrest May Ching Soh Silver Star Unit, Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK 14.14: Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy Elisaveta Sokolov Kings College Hospital, London, UK 24.7.2: Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases Tom Solomon Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 24.11.2: Viral infections Krishna Somers Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia 16.9.4: Cardiovascular syphilis Danielle Southerst NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA 19.4: Back pain and regional disorders Cathy Speed Consultant in Rheumatology, Sport and Exercise Medicine, Senior Physician, English Institute of Sport, Cambridge Centre for Health and Performance, Cambridge, UK 28.1: Sport and exercise medicine Des Spence Barclay Medical Centre, Maryhill Health Centre, Glasgow, UK 1.4: Why do patients attend and what do they want from the consultation? G.P. Spickett Regional Department of Immunology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 18.14.1: Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage; 18.14.2: Eosinophilic pneumonia; 18.14.4: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis S.G. Spiro University College Hospital, London, UK 18.19.1: Lung cancer; 18.19.2: Pulmonary metastases David P. Steensma Institute Physician, Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-​Farber Cancer Institute; Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 22.3.2: Myelodysplastic syndromes Jerry L. Spivak Hematology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 22.3.7: Primary myelofibrosis Charles L. Sprung Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 17.10: Palliative and end-​of-​life care in the ICU Paweł Stankiewicz Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 3.2: The genomic basis of medicine Natalie Staplin Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2.4: Large-​scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-​analyses of trials Paul D. Stein Professor, Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 16.16.1: Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Chris Stenton Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 18.14.11: Toxic gases and aerosols Dennis L. Stevens Infectious Diseases Section, VA Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA 8.6.2: Streptococci and enterococci; 8.6.25: Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections Claire Steves King’s College London, London, UK 6.1: Ageing and clinical medicine † It is with great regret that we report that J.G.P. Sissons died on 25 September, 2016 and Rosamund Snow died on 2 February, 2017. Contributors lxiv Carmel B. Stober University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 19.8: Reactive arthritis Nicole Stoesser Nuffield Department of Medicine Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.6.10: Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) John R. Stradling Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 18.1.1: The upper respiratory tract Michael A. Stroud Department of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 10.3.2: Heat; 10.3.3: Cold Michael Strupp Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany 24.6.2: Eye movements and balance Matthew J. Stuckey School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, CA, USA 8.6.43: Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis Peter H. Sugden National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK 16.1.2: Cardiac physiology Mehrunisha Suleman Ethox Centre, Oxford, UK 1.5: Medical ethics Joseph Sung Professor of Medicine, lately President and Vice Chancellor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China 15.8: Peptic ulcer disease Khuanchai Supparatpinyo Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 8.7.6: Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection Erik R. Swenson VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 10.3.6: Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes Anthony Swerdlow The Institute of Cancer Research, University of London, London, UK 5.1: Epidemiology of cancer David Taggart University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 16.13.6: Coronary artery bypass and valve surgery Kathy Taghipour The Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK 23.4: Autoimmune bullous diseases Penelope Talelli Homerton University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK 24.7.1: Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus Paolo Tammaro Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3.4: Ion channels and disease C.T. Tan University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 8.5.7: Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides Chen Sabrina Tan Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 8.5.19: Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses T.M. Tan Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 13.8: Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia; 15.9.1: Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract; 15.9.2: Carcinoid syndrome David Taylor-​Robinson Section of Retrovirology and GU Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Wright-​Fleming Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 8.6.45: Chlamydial infections; 8.6.46: Mycoplasmas F. Teo National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, China 18.11.1: Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction R.V. Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, University of Oxford, OCDEM, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 13.4: Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism Nishanthi Thalayasingam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University and Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 2.7: Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases Richard J. Thompson Professor of Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK 15.24.7: Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood S.A. Thorne University Hospital, Birmingham, UK 16.12: Congenital heart disease in the adult Guy E. Thwaites Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 24.11.1: Bacterial infections C. Louise Thwaites Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.6.23: Tetanus Adam D. Timmis Barts Heart Centre, Queen Mary University London, London, UK 16.13.3: Management of stable angina Stephen M. Tollman University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; MRC/​Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences; INDEPTH Network (International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health), Accra, Ghana, South Africa; Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Sweden 2.18: Fostering medical and health research in resource-​constrained countries Maciej Tomaszewski Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 16.17.4: Mendelian disorders causing hypertension Charles Tomson Consultant Nephrologist, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 21.13: Urinary tract infection Pat Tookey Honorary Associate Professor, Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK 8.5.13: Rubella Peter Topham Consultant Nephrologist, John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK 21.8.2: Thin membrane nephropathy Nicholas Torpey Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 21.7.3: Renal transplantation Thomas A. Traill Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA 16.10: Tumours of the heart; 16.11: Cardiac involvement in genetic disease A.S. Truswell University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 11.5: Diseases of affluent societies and the need for dietary change Steven Tsui Consultant Cardiac Surgeon, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK 16.5.5: Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support Youyou Tu Professor, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 2.8: Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine D.M. Turnbull Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 24.19.5: Mitochondrial disease A. Neil Turner Professor of Nephrology, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute (CIR), Edinburgh, UK 21.10.8: Infection-​associated nephropathies; 21.10.9: Malignancy-​associated renal disease Tabitha Turner-​Stokes MRC Clinical Research Fellow, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 21.8.6: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Holm H. Uhlig Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 15.15: Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract Magnus Unemo WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden 8.6.6: Neisseria gonorrhoeae; 8.6.45 Chlamydial infections Robert Unwin Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK 21.1: Structure and function of the kidney Contributors lxv John A. Vale National Poisons Information Service (Birmingham Unit) and West Midlands Poisons Unit; City Hospital, Birmingham; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 10.4.1: Poisoning by drugs and chemicals Patrick Vallance GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK 16.1.1: Blood vessels and the endothelium Greet Van den Berghe Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University, B-​3000 Leuven, Belgium 17.9: Metabolic and endocrine changes in acute and chronic critical illness Steven Vanderschueren Leuven Research Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Clinical Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, B-​3000 Leuven, Belgium 8.2.2: Fever of unknown origin Sirivan Vanijanonta Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 8.11.3: Lung flukes (paragonimiasis) Anita Vas-​Falcao London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 9.1: Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections Nikos Vasilakis Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA 8.5.14: Flaviviruses excluding dengue Diana Vassallo Specialist Registrar, Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK 21.10.10: Atherosclerotic renovascular disease Birgitte Vennervald Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 8.11.1: Schistosomiasis Vanessa Venning Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK 23.2: Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease Anilrudh A. Venugopal Los Angeles, CA, USA 8.6.11: Anaerobic bacteria Kristien Verdonck Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium 8.5.25: HTLV-​1, HTLV-​2, and associated diseases Christopher M. Verity Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK 24.20: Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system Benjamin A. Vervaet Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 21.9.2: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Diego Viasus Division of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia 8.6.39: Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease Angela Vincent Hon Cons Immunology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 24.24: Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome Raphael P. Viscidi Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA 8.5.19: Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses H. Josef Vormoor Clinical Director, Department of Hemato-​oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands 22.4.2: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Theo Vos University of Washington, WA, USA 2.3: The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations Henry J.C. de Vries Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 9.7: Anogenital lumps and bumps Paresh Vyas Professor of Haematology, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford; Consultant Haematologist, Department of Haematology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 22.2.1: Cellular and molecular basis of haematopoiesis Peter D. Wagner Division of Physiology at the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA 18.1.2: Airways and alveoli Nicholas Wald Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London; Population Health Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London; Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island, USA 2.12: Medical screening Herman Waldmann Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3.8: The evolution of therapeutic antibodies Jane Walker Psychological Medicine Research, University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK 26.2: The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient; 26.3.4: Low mood Matthew C. Walker National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery and UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK 24.5.2: Narcolepsy Elizabeth Wallin Transplant Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4.7: Principles of transplantation immunology Sarah Walsh King’s College Hospital, London, UK 23.16: Cutaneous reactions to drugs T.E. Warkentin Professor, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 22.7.5: Acquired coagulation disorders David A. Warrell Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.5.10: Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies-​related lyssaviruses; 8.5.11: Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-​borne reoviruses; 8.5.27: Orf and Milker’s nodule; 8.5.28: Molluscum contagiosum; 8.6.34: Relapsing fevers; 8.13: Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/​linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection); 10.4.2: Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals; 10.4.3: Poisonous fungi; 24.11.2: Viral infections Mary J. Warrell Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.5.10: Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies-​related lyssaviruses; 8.5.11: Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-​borne reoviruses John A.H. Wass University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 13.2.1: Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland; 13.2.2: Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland; 13.10: Hormonal manifestations of non-​endocrine disease Lawrence Waterman Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; Park Health and Safety Partnership, Aylesbury, UK 10.2.2: Occupational safety Laurence Watkins The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 24.10.3: Traumatic brain injury Peter Watkinson Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.1.2: Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infections Richard A. Watts Department of Rheumatology, Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK 19.11.9: Small vessel vasculitis Richard W.E. Watts† Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK 12.1: The inborn errors of metabolism: general aspects; 12.4: Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism David J. Weatherall† Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22.6.2: Anaemia: Pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features; 22.6.3: Anaemia as a challenge to world health; 22.6.7: Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin G.J. Webb Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 15.23.2: Autoimmune hepatitis Lisa J. Webber St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK 13.6.1: Ovarian disorders George J. Webster Consultant Hepatologist and Gastroenterologist, University College Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 15.3.2: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy † It is with great regret that we report that Richard W.E. Watts died on 11 February, 2018 and David J. Weatherall died on 8 December, 2018. Contributors lxvi Anthony P. Weetman University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 13.3.1: The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function; 13.3.2: Thyroid cancer Robert A. Weinstein Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA 8.6.4: Staphylococci Louis M. Weiss Department of Pathology, Division of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA 8.7.7: Microsporidiosis; 8.8.7: Cystoisosporiasis Robin A. Weiss University College London, London, UK 8.5.26: Viruses and cancer Peter F. Weller William Bosworth Castle Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Chief of the Infectious Diseases and the Allergy and Inflammation Divisions, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MD, USA 22.3.8: Eosinophilia A.U. Wells Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK 18.11.1: Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction; 18.11.2: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; 18.11.3: Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; 18.11.4: The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders; 18.11.5: The lung in vasculitis Simon Wessely Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK 26.4.2: Psychological treatments Gilbert C. White, II Aster Chair for Medical Research, Executive Vice President for Research, Director, Blood Research Institute, Versiti; Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Associate Dean for Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA 22.7.1: The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis Nicholas J. White Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.8.2: Malaria Hilton C. Whittle Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 8.5.6: Measles Anthony S. Wierzbicki Department of Metabolic Medicine/​Chemical Pathology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK 12.9: Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults Mark H. Wilcox Professor of Medical Microbiology, Microbiology, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 8.6.24: Clostridium difficile Kate Wiles Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, UK 14.5: Renal disease in pregnancy James S. Wiley Principal Research Fellow, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, and Mental Health Honorary Professor, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia 22.6.8: Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells R.G. Will Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 24.11.5: Human prion diseases Lisa Willcocks Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK 21.8.3: Minimal change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Bryan Williams University College London, London, UK 16.17.1: Essential hypertension: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology; 16.17.2: Essential hypertension: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment David J. Williams Obstetric Physician, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK 14.1: Physiological changes of normal pregnancy; 14.2: Nutrition in pregnancy; 14.3: Medical management of normal pregnancy Catherine Williamson Professor of Women’s Health, King’s College London and Honorary Consultant in Obstetric Medicine, St Thomas’ and King’s College Hospitals, London, UK 14.9: Liver and gastrointestinal diseases of pregnancy Bridget Wills Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 8.5.15: Dengue; 24.11.2: Viral infections R. Wilson Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK 18.9: Bronchiectasis Greg Winter MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK 3.8: The evolution of therapeutic antibodies Miles Witham AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 6.7: Drugs and prescribing in the older patient Fenella Wojnarowska Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 14.13: The skin in pregnancy; 23.4: Autoimmune bullous diseases Edwin K.S. Wong Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 21.10.6: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome James L.N. Wood University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 8.1.1: Biology of pathogenic microorganisms Jonathan Wood Substance Misuse Psychiatry, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 26.5.4: Alcohol misuse Kathryn J. Wood Transplant Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 4.7: Principles of transplantation immunology Nicholas Wood University College London, London, UK 24.7.4: Ataxic disorders Andrew F. Woodhouse Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK 8.6.32: Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection) Jeremy Woodward Cambridge Intestinal Failure and Transplant Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK 11.7: Artificial nutrition support; 15.2: Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease Elaine M. Worcester Professor of Medicine, Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA 21.14: Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis B. Paul Wordsworth Emeritus Professor of Clinical Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, UK 20.1: Skeletal disorders—​general approach and clinical conditions Gary P. Wormser New York Medical College, NY, USA 8.6.33: Lyme borreliosis Mark Wright Consultant Gastroenterologist, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK 15.25: Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree Channa Jayasumana Faculty of Medicine, Rajatrata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka 21.9.2: Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Muhammad M. Yaqoob Barts Health NHS Trust, Renal Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK 21.17: Urinary tract obstruction Hasan Yazici Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Academic Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey 19.11.10: Behçet’s syndrome Lam Minh Yen Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 8.6.23: Tetanus Duncan Young Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 8.1.2: Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infections Katherine Younger School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland 11.3: Minerals and trace elements Sebahattin Yurdakul Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey 19.11.10: Behçet’s syndrome Alberto Zanella Oncohematology Unit—​ Pathophysiology of Anemias Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy 22.6.10: Erythrocyte enzymopathies Adam Zeman Professor of Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK 24.2: Mind and brain: Building bridges between neurology, psychiatry, and psychology Clive S. Zent University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA 22.4.5: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia SECTION 10 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning Section editor: Jon G. Ayres 10.1 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning—Introduction   1637 Jon G. Ayres 10.2 Occupational health   1638 10.2.1 Occupational and environmental health  1638 Raymond Agius and Debasish Sen 10.2.2 Occupational safety  1652 Lawrence Waterman and Michelle Twigg 10.2.3 Aviation medicine  1656 Michael Bagshaw 10.2.4 Diving medicine  1664 David M. Denison and Mark A. Glover 10.2.5 Noise  1671 David Koh and Tar-Ching Aw 10.2.6 Vibration  1673 Tar-Ching Aw 10.3 Environment and health   1677 10.3.1 Air pollution and health  1677 Om P. Kurmi, Kin Bong Hubert Lam, and Jon G. Ayres 10.3.2 Heat  1687 Michael A. Stroud 10.3.3 Cold  1689 Michael A. Stroud 10.3.4 Drowning  1691 Peter J. Fenner 10.3.5 Lightning and electrical injuries  1696 Chris Andrews 10.3.6 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes  1701 Tyler Albert, Erik R. Swenson, Andrew J. Pollard, Buddha Basnyat, and David R. Murdoch 10.3.7 Radiation  1709 Jill Meara 10.3.8 Disasters: Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions  1713 Peter J. Baxter 10.3.9 Bioterrorism  1718 Manfred S. Green 10.4 Poisoning   1725 10.4.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicals  1725 John A. Vale, Sally M. Bradberry, and D. Nicholas Bateman 10.4.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals  1778 David A. Warrell 10.4.3 Poisonous fungi  1817 Hans Persson and David A. Warrell 10.4.4 Poisonous plants  1828 Michael Eddleston and Hans Persson 10.5 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis)   1833 Gail Davey