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Knee joint replacement There are three compartments within the knee: medial and lateral tibiofemo...

Learning objectives To understand: The anatomy and biomechanics of the knee and their • clinical ...

Meniscal surgery This is performed arthroscopically , commonly using two portals, usually as a da...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Kinematics and kinetics Knee motion is predominantly in the sagittal plane. A limited - degree o...

Knee arthrodesis Knee arthrodesis is rare and is largely a historic procedure that is seldom acce...

BIOMECHANICS Axes of the lower limb The anatomical axes of the femur and tibia are defined by the...

CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE KNEE JOINT The commonest conditions a ff ecting the knee include injury...

Cruciate reconstruction An isolated ACL injury is most commonly treated with an arthroscopic intr...

FURTHER READING Bulstrode C, Wilson MacDonald J, Eastwood D et al . Oxford textbook of trauma and...

APPLIED ANATOMY The knee joint is a synovial hinge joint. It consists of two condyloid tibiofemo...

Stem cells Stem cells are undi ff erentiated or non-specialised cells that are able, through cell ...

REFERENCES 1 Friedenstein AJ, Piatetzky-Shapiro II, Petrakova KV . Osteogenesis in transplants of...

SAFETY CONCERNS β 3 was The major safety concerns of cell-based therapy and tissue β 3 engineeri...

Somatic cells Fully di ff erentiated specialised cells (somatic cells) obtained from normal tissu...

MATERIALS A large number of materials have been used in tissue engineer ing and regenerative med...

MOLECULES Modification of the tissue environment during healing can be achieved by the delivery of...

OPPORTUNITIES The potential impact of tissue engineering and regenerative therapies is so far-re...

INTRODUCTION Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are relatively new but rapidly expandin...

KEY AREAS OF UNDERPINNING SCIENCE Advances in tissue engineering and more broadly regenera tive m...