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Computed tomography There has been a great deal of development in CT technology over the last 30 years from the initial conventional CT scanners through to helical or spiral scanners and the current multi- detector machines. CT scanners consist of a gantry c...

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Degenerative disease Synovitis Radiographs are usually the first-line imaging investigation performed for the examination of joints. Typical changes of a degenerative or an erosive arthropathy are well known and understood. However, early arthropathy will be ...

F U R T H E R R E A D I N G Adam A, Dixon AK (eds). Grainger and Allison’s diagnostic radiology: a textbook of medical imaging, 7th edn. London: Elsevier, 2020. iRefer Guidelines. Making the best use of clinical radiology, 8th edn. Lon - don: Royal College ...

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage The aetiology of acute gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage varies between the upper GIT (common causes including peptic ulcer disease, varices and Mallory–Weiss tears) and the lower GIT (common causes including angiodysplasia, diver...

HAZARDS OF IMAGING Contrast media There has been a dramatic increase in the use of contrast agents in recent years, mainly related to the increasing use of CT . Potential problems include allergic reaction and nephrotoxic ity . Reactions are rare: serious re...

HAZARDS OF IONISING RADIATION The majority of ionising radiation comes from natural sources on Earth and cosmic rays, and this makes up the background radiation. However, medical exposure accounts for around 15% of the total received by humans. The e ff ects ...

III IVb I Figure 8.42 (a) Surgical lobes of the liver (after Couinaud). IVC, inferior vena cava; LHV, left hepatic vein; LT, ligamentum teres; MHV, middle hepatic vein; RHV, right hepatic vein. (b) Segmental anatomy on computed tomography scan at the level of ...

IMAGING IN COMMON SURGICAL CLINICAL SCENARIOS In this section the roles of di ff erent radiological modalities in common surgical scenarios are discussed, with a brief rationale behind their use and typical appearances of various patholog - ical processes. I...

IMAGING IN ONCOLOGY Modern surgical treatment of cancer requires an understand - - ing of tumour staging systems, as in many instances the tumour stage will define appropriate management. The development of stage-dependent treatment protocols involving neoad...

INTERPRETING IMAGES While the role of the imaging department is to provide - radiological reports for imaging examinations performed, it is nevertheless good clinical practice to be able to evaluate your patients’ examinations, and a systematic approach is e...

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Infection In the early stages of joint infection, the plain films may be normal, but they should still be performed to exclude bony erosions in case a painful joint is the first sign of an arthropa thy . Ultrasound examination is the easiest and most accurate ...

INTRODUCTION Appropriate surgical management of the patient relies on correct diagnosis. While clinical symptoms and signs may provide a firm diagnosis in some cases, other conditions will require the use of supplementary investigations including imaging tech...

Inflammatory processes Appendicitis Historically , a straightforward clinical diagnosis of appendicitis obviated any need for imaging, but with the proven accuracy of available modalities imaging has become increasingly popular to reduce negative appendicectom...

Ischaemia/infarction The most useful test when bowel ischaemia or infarction is suspected is a CT scan. Intravenous contrast administration is essential to look for thrombus/embolus in the mesenteric vessels, though ischaemia due to low-flow states can still oc...

Learning objectives To understand: The advantages of good working relationships and close • collaboration with the imaging department in planning appropriate investigations The basic principles of radiation protection and know the • law in relation to the use ...

Magnetic resonance imaging The value of immediate MRI in trauma is relatively limited and is largely confined to the imaging of spinal injuries ( Figure 8.35 ) . Access to urgent MRI is not widely available, and there are major practical problems in imaging p...