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TECHNIQUE OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Deceased donor liver transplantation A reverse-L or a Mercedes-Benz (transverse abdominal inci - - sion with a midline extension) incision is usually made and the diseased liver is mobilised. As a result of portal hypertensi...

TRANSPLANTATION The allocation of liver grafts to patients with end-stage liver disease is dominated by three ethical principles: equity (need), utility (usefulness) and transplant benefit. The equity model gives prioritisation for sickest first, the utility pr...

USEFUL WEBSITES IN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION /uni25CF www .bts.org.uk /uni25CF www .odt.nhs.uk /uni25CF www .nhsbt.nhs.uk /uni25CF www .bsg.org.uk /uni25CF www .esot.org /uni25CF www .ilts.org /uni25CF www .ltsi.org.in /uni25CF www .eltr.org /uni25CF www .unos.org...

Vascular complications Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is one of the most dreaded complications after LT , and may occur spontaneously or as a result of acute rejection; it is more common in children and in adults with PSC. The incidence of HAT has been rep...

Aspirin Aspirin and NSAIDs inhibit platelet cyclo-oxygenase, resulting in suppression of thromboxane A -induced platelet aggrega - 2 tion. Limited published data do not suggest an increased bleed - ing risk in patients taking standard doses and, therefore, th...

COLONSCOPY Early attempts at colonoscopy were hindered by poor technique and limitations of available instruments. The ability to steer an endoscope around the entire colon and into the terminal ileum was made possible by the development of fully flexible col...

CONCLUSIONS Over the last 30 years endoscopy has become an integral part of the diagnostic work-up of patients with gastrointestinal disease. Whereas advances in radiology and capsule studies may obviate the need for some diagnostic procedures, the ability t...

CONSENT IN ENDOSCOPY Approximately 1% of medical negligence claims in the USA relate to the practice of endoscopy . Many of these could have been avoided by a careful explanation of the procedure, including an honest discussion of the risks and benefits. T...

Capsule endoscopy The prototype capsule endoscope was developed at the Royal London Hospital in the UK by Professor Paul Swain. Several companies have developed di ff erent systems for routine clinical use, but the basic principles remain identical. The techni...

Complications associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography The same risks associated with other endoscopic procedures also apply to patients undergoing ERCP , but risks may be increased because of the increased patient frailty and high sedat...

Complications associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography The same risks associated with other endoscopic procedures also apply to patients undergoing ERCP , but risks may be increased because of the increased patient frailty and high sedat...

Complications of colonoscopy Complications during routine diagnostic colonoscopy are rare when performed by an experienced endoscopist. Extensive diverticulosis, diverticulitis and severe colitis are risk factors for perforation during colonoscopy . In the cas...

Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic oesophagogastroduodenoscopy Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a safe proce dure with minimal morbidity as long as appropriate patient selection and safe sedation practices are embedded in the unit’s poli...

Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic oesophagogastroduodenoscopy Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a safe proce dure with minimal morbidity as long as appropriate patient selection and safe sedation practices are embedded in the unit’s poli...

ENDOSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SMALL BOWEL Introduction and indications The requirement to visualise, biopsy and treat the small bowel is far less than in the stomach, biliary tree or colon, resulting in a time lag in technological advances. The most frequent in...

ENDOSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SMALL BOWEL Introduction and indications The requirement to visualise, biopsy and treat the small bowel is far less than in the stomach, biliary tree or colon, resulting in a time lag in technological advances. The most frequent in...

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY This procedure involves the use of a side-viewing duodenos - cope, which is passed through the pylorus and into the second part of the duodenum to visualise the papilla. This is then cannulated, either directly w...

ENDOSCOPY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES As approximately 2% of the population has diabetes, manag ing glycaemic control before and after endoscopy is an essential aspect of endoscopic practice. Each unit should develop a policy for managing diabetic control durin...