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16.1 Normal Sleep Normal Sleep and Sleep-Wake Disorders 16.1 Normal Sleep Sleep is one of the most significant of human behaviors, occupying roughly one third of human life. It is a universal behavior that has been demonstrated in every animal species studied,...

16.2 Sleep-Wake Disorders Roth T. Characteristics and determinants of normal sleep. J Clin Psychol. 2004;65(Suppl 16):8–11. Thomas SJ, Lichstein KL, Taylor DJ, Riedel BW, Bush AJ. Epidemiology of bedtime, arising time, and time in bed: Analysis of age, gender,...

17.1 Normal Sexuality Human Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunctions 17.1 Normal Sexuality Sexuality has always been an area of interest to the medical community. In the classical era, Hippocrates cited the clitoris as the site of female sexual arousal, the first phy...

17.2 Sexual Dysfunctions Hines M. Brain Gender. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. Humphreys TP. Cognitive frameworks of virginity and first intercourse. J Sex Res. 2013;50:664–675. Kristen PN, Kristen NJ. The mediating role of sexual and nonsexual commu...

17.3 Paraphilic Disorders associated with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and major mood disorders. REFERENCES Basson R. Sexual desire and arousal disorders in women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1497. Brotto LA. “Efficacy of psychological interve...

18 Gender Dysphoria 18 Gender Dysphoria The term gender dysphoria appears as a diagnosis for the first time in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to refer to those persons with a marked incongruence between t...

19 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 19 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Five conditions comprise the category of disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. They include two that are associated with childhood: (1) op...

20.1 Introduction and Overview Substance Use and Addictive Disorders 20.1 Introduction and Overview The most commonly used drugs have been part of human existence for thousands of years. For example, opium has been used for medicinal purposes for at least 3,50...

20.2 Alcohol-Related Disorders stimulant drug addiction. Science. 2012; 335:601. Fazel S, Långström N, Hjern A, Grann M, Lichtenstein P. Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA. 2009;301(19):2016. Frances RJ, Miller SI, Mack AH, eds. Clinical T...

20.3 Caffeine-Related Disorders of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:1268. Vergés A, Jackson KM, Bucholz KK, Grant JD, Trull TJ, Wood PK, Sher KJ. Deconstructing the age-prevalence curve of alcohol dependence: Why “maturing ...

20.4 Cannabis-Related Disorders caffeine: A near infrared spectroscopy study. Biol Psychol. 2011;86:298. Lieberman JA III, Sylvester L, Paik S. Excessive sleepiness and self-reported shift work disorder: an Internet survey of shift workers. Postgrad Med. 2013;...

20.5 Hallucinogen-Related Disorders cannabis: A scientific and public health perspective. Mo Med. 2012;109:90. Vallée M, Vitiello S, Bellocchio L, Hébert-Chatelain E, Monlezun S, Martin-Garcia E, Kasanetz F, Baillie GL, Panin F, Cathala A, Roullot-Lacarrière V...

20.6 Inhalant-Related Disorders Textbook of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:1331. MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen Psilocybin lead to increases in the personality do...

20.7 Opioid-Related Disorders associating with drug-free, nondelinquent peers. REFERENCES Balster RL, Cruz SL, Howard MO, Dell CA, Cottler LB. Classification of abused inhalants. Addiction. 2009;104:878. Baltazar A, Hopkins G, McBride D, Vanderwaal C, Pepper S...

20.8 Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders Smith HS, Kirsh KL, Passik SD. Chronic opioid therapy issues associated with opioid abuse potential. J Opioid Manag. 2009;5:287. Strain EC, Lofwall MR, Jaffe JH. Opioid-related disorders. In: Sadock BJ...

20.9 Stimulant-Related Disorders 2012;32:3887. Jann M, Kennedy WK, Lopez G. Benzodiazepines: a major component in unintentional prescription drug overdoses with opioid analgesics. J Pharm Pract. 2014;27(1):5–16. Kohmura K, Iwamoto K, Aleksic B, Sasada K, Kawan...

20.10 Tobacco-Related Disorders Liu S, Lane SD, Schmitz JM, Waters AJ, Cunningham KA, Moeller FG. Relationship between attentional bias to cocainerelated stimuli and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2011;37(2):117. Mahler SV,...

20.11 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse nicotine effects on the fMRI BOLD response are related to nicotine effects on behavioral performance. Psychopharmacology. 2011;215:333. Weinberger AH, Desai RA, McKee SA. Nicotine withdrawal in U.S. smokers with current ...