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Landmark studies relevant for critique on ethics © SPMM Course  Declaration of Geneva 1948: Reaffirmation of humanitarian aims of medicine by World Medical Association. The Declaration of Geneva is a modification of Hippocratic Oath, intended to highlight the...

1. Conceptualizing development © SPMM Course Conceptualizing development In psychology, maturity refers to the ability to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner, usually with a learnt response. Maturity refers to the production of expected behav...

Models and theories

Maturational tasks © SPMM Course Models and theories Developmental theories aim to explain how children grow and learn. Of these stage, theories refer to theories that consider development as a process that occurs over a 12- to the l5-year period in chunks of ...

Adversities and development © SPMM Course Adversities and development A critical period is a time point when an individual is acutely sensitive to the effects of external influences - both positive and negative. This is usually defined by biological and psycho...

Methodology for studying development © SPMM Course  Toxic stress response - strong, frequent, or prolonged activation of the body’s stress response in the absence of the buffering protection from supportive adults. e.g., child abuse or neglect, parental subst...

2. Attachment theory

Bowlby believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. We are all born with an inherited need to form attachments, and this is to help us survive. In his terms, the newborn infant is helpless and relies on its mother/caregiver for food, warmth, etc... © SPM...

This classification below correlates highly with 1. Responsiveness and sensitivity of the mothers to the needs of their children and 2. Total amount and quality of stimulation (holding) provided by the mothers. © SPMM Course from their mothers during their fir...

Object relations theory © SPMM Course this by presenting himself as the moving object, the goslings imprinted by Lorenz followed him and refused to follow mother goose. Imprinting is particularly resistant to change. Innate releasing mechanism (IRM) refers to ...

3. Parenting practices © SPMM Course 3. Parenting practices Parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in child rearing and includes the demands of children and response of parents. With respect to parenting,...

Effect of family dysfunction © SPMM Course  First-borns - get more parental time and have higher IQ, are more achievement driven and are more authoritarian, conservative and conformist  Middle-borns - receive the least attention at home - have strong peer re...

4. Temperament © SPMM Course 4. Temperament This is an aspect of personality studied in infants. It describes individual differences in behavioural style. Certain aspects of temperaments remain stable over many years. Infant’s negative emotionality (e.g. fear)...

Resilience to mental illness © SPMM Course (Note that the concept of Good-Enough Mothering was proposed by Winnicott; according to him mothers provide a holding environment. A mother does not need to be perfect, but she must provide good-enough mothering.) EAS...

5. Cognitive Development © SPMM Course 5. Cognitive Development Erikson’s stages Erikson proposed psychosocial developmental stages. These coincide with Freud’s psychosexual stages but extend well beyond adolescence. It is not necessary that each stage must be...

Sensorimotor stage: (SPIRO)

Preoperational stage: (FAT PILES) © SPMM Course 11 years Formal operational Here manipulation of ideas and propositions are seen – 1st order operations; soon, reasoning solely based on verbal argument construction develops – 2nd order operations. Hypotheticod...

Concrete operational stage: © SPMM Course transformed into a different shape or structure. E.g. 1 litre of water remains the same 1 liter irrespective of whether it is present in a half full 2 litre bottle or two complete 500ml bottles. Concept of compensation...