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6. Language development

Stages of language development: © SPMM Course 6. Language development Basic speech sounds are called phonemes. In English language, there are 46 speech sounds. Most children can differentiate speech sounds before being able to produce them. The basic meaningfu...

7. Social competence and peer relationships © SPMM Course 7. Social competence and peer relationships Through friendship, children learn cooperation, sharing and conflict management. They also learn empathy and group belonging. Studies suggest that peer reject...

8. Moral development © SPMM Course 8. Moral development Freudian theory: According to Freud, boys have unconscious wishes to compete with the father for mother’s love. This leads to castration anxiety as fear of being punished for competing sets in. This anxie...

9. Emotional literacy and fears

In a detailed longitudinal study, (Development of Toddlers Study (D.O.T.S.)) Cole et al. observed the child in spontaneous situations at 4 time points (18, 30, 36, 42 months). Their observations are tabulated below: © SPMM Course 9. Emotional literacy and fear...

Developmental fears © SPMM Course Imaginary companions are often a part of emotional development.  Preschool years mostly (between 3 to 10 yrs age, 50% may have),  Usually in children with above-average intelligence  Usually in the form of persons rather th...

10. Sexual development

Theories of Gender Identity development © SPMM Course 10. Sexual development Gender identity typically forms around the age 3-4 and remains established. Gender typing describes the process where an individual acquires a sense of gender-related traits within th...

11. Adaptations in adolescence & adult life

Puberty trends: © SPMM Course 11. Adaptations in adolescence & adult life Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood and is described in many of the developmental models (Piaget – formal operational, Freud - genital stage, Erikson – identity vs....

12. Adaptation with ageing

Phases of retirement: © SPMM Course 12. Adaptation with ageing Age is the first social category learnt by a child even before number concept develops. The effect of ageing on cognitive abilities: The mass of the brain reduces with ageing (in some cases this ca...

13. Genetic influences on development. © SPMM Course 13. Genetic influences on development. Brain development is genetically programmed. For example, the cortical thickness in lateral prefrontal, medial prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortices is highly her...

14. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopment © SPMM Course 14. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopment (This section is best read in conjunction with the section on neuroimaging in the Clinical Examination chapter) A neural tube is seen 2-3 weeks after the formation of the...

1. General anatomy of the brain

A. Cortical structures

Hemispheric lateralisation © SPMM Course General anatomy of the brain A. Cortical structures The cerebrum has four major lobes (frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes). The lobar surface is heavily folded forming sulci (valleys) and gyri (ridges). Pr...