Search Results

B. Neuronal Migration/Myelination

C. Synaptic pruning © SPMM Course 3. Neurodevelopment A. Neurogenesis Early fetal life is a prolific period of neurogenesis. An active zone of nerve cell production is seen immediately around the ventricles of the neural tube. This is called a subventricular z...

D. Cerebral plasticity © SPMM Course decade. Dopamine receptors continue to decrease in adult years, but at a considerably slower rate of 2.2% reduction per decade. This rate is faster in males than in females. In schizophrenia, the rate of D2 receptor loss is...

4. Neuroendocrinology

A. Pituitary gland © SPMM Course 4. Neuroendocrinology A. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes many hormones that are regulated by regulatory neurohormones produced by parvocellular neurons of the h...

B. Thyroid gland

C. Adrenal Cortex © SPMM Course B. Thyroid gland TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of TSH from the pituitary. TSH in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3. T4 is the predominant form o...

Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) © SPMM Course neurons in the basolateral amygdala may occur, contributing to a memory bias towards negative events in chronic stress. Hypercortisolism (Addison's disease) Hypocortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) Physical sympto...

D. Pineal gland © SPMM Course o Continued failure to suppress cortisol despite the apparent recovery from depression suggests an increased risk for relapse, poor prognosis and possibly later suicidal behaviour. D. Pineal gland The pineal gland is also called e...

5. Physiology of sleep

A. Measurement

B. Architecture

NREM sleep: © SPMM Course 5. Physiology of sleep A. Measurement  Actigraphy: This is used to quantify circadian sleep-wake patterns and to detect movement disorders during sleep; it uses a motion sensor.  Polysomnography (PSG): This includes EEG, electromyog...

REM sleep

C. Brain activity © SPMM Course  Reduced recall of dreams if awaken. (Sleep terror is an NREM disorder. When awake after sleep terror episodes, children appear confused and do not recall what terrified them). REM sleep o 25% of adult sleep is REM. Darting eye...

D. Regulation

Hypothalamic controls

Ascending Reticular Activating System - Neurotransmitters © SPMM Course  Often they occur after sleep disturbances (e.g., brief sounds) and, like K complexes, may occur during brief semiarousals. D. Regulation Hypothalamic controls  The master clock of the b...