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3. Attention and orientation © SPMM Course 3. Attention and orientation  Attention can be clinically tested using serial 7s, digit span, spelling ‘‘world’’ backwards, or asking to recite the months of the year or days of the week in reverse order.  Although ...

4. Executive function © SPMM Course 4. Executive function  This includes planning, initiation, sequencing, coordinating, error detection, error correction, set shifting, and termination. It is closely allied to other frontal functions such as judgement, probl...

5. Visuospatial ability

Neglect

Dressing and constructional apraxia © SPMM Course 5. Visuospatial ability  Information from the visual cortex is directed towards the temporal or parietal cortex via one of the two streams. The dorsal (‘‘where’’) stream links visual information with spatial p...

6. Memory

Classification of memory

Brain structures involved in memory © SPMM Course 6. Memory Classification of memory  According to duration:  Immediate memory functions over a period of seconds; closely related to concept of working memory  Recent memory applies on the scale of minutes to...

Disorders of memory © SPMM Course  Other regions: In most cases of memory loss procedural memory is intact. A deficit in procedural memory with preservation of declarative memory may be seen in persons with Parkinson's disease, in whom dopaminergic neurons of...

7. Language © SPMM Course 7. Language  Aphasia refers to a higher-level language defect despite intact hearing, sound production, articulation mechanisms.  Aphasia is almost always organic. Naming defects (anomia) accompanies any aphasia in various degrees. ...

8. Apraxia

Types of apraxia © SPMM Course 8. Apraxia  Damasio and Geschwind (1985) defined apraxia as a condition with varying combinations of the following disturbances in order of progressive dysfunction: o A failure to produce the correct movement in response to a ve...

9. Agnosias

Visual agnosia

Prosopagnosia

Colour deficits © SPMM Course 9. Agnosias Visual agnosia o Visual object agnosia refers to a failure of object recognition despite adequate perception. o Patients with apperceptive visual agnosia have normal vision, but cannot identify and name objects. But th...

10. Other neurological deficits © SPMM Course 10. Other neurological deficits Acalculia refers to the inability to read, write, and comprehend numbers. It is NOT the same as anarithmetrica, which is the inability to perform arithmetical calculations. Acalculia...

11. Cranial nerves