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Extrapyramidal effects © SPMM Course 3. Antipsychotics - adverse effects Extrapyramidal effects Acute extrapyramidal syndromes such as acute dystonia, akathisia and parkinsonism are noted with high potency drugs more than low-potency drugs. Tardive dyskinesia ...

Agranulocytosis © SPMM Course Consists of the tetrad of extreme hyperthermia, severe muscular rigidity and confusion, and autonomic fluctuations (BP and pulse rate). Patients may be akinetic and mute. Increased WBC count, creatinine phosphokinase, liver enzyme...

Sexual dysfunction:

Other side effects © SPMM Course Transient leucopenia can occur with typical neuroleptics. But agranulocytosis is the rare effect. Sexual dysfunction: Increased dopaminergic transmission can enhance sexual arousal and penile erection. Hyperprolactinaemia can r...

Metabolic syndrome © SPMM Course observation period of at least 1 - 3 hours in a healthcare facility and to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery in the 24 hours after injection. Metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disorders comprising o...

4. Antidepressants - adverse effects

Tricyclic agents © SPMM Course 4. Antidepressants - adverse effects Tricyclic agents Side effects of TCAs are related to anticholinergic, antihistaminic and antiadrenergic properties. Clomipramine is a more selective inhibitor of serotonergic reuptake selectiv...

SSRI antidepressants © SPMM Course CPK elevation common; WBC also elevated These laboratory abnormalities are less frequent in serotonin syndrome SSRI antidepressants Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhea are common side effects of SSRIs – these are somewha...

Other antidepressants © SPMM Course agonists, (e.g. buspirone) and bupropion (being a dopamine reuptake inhibitor) can reverse sexual dysfunction related to SSRI use. A nitric oxide-dependent second messenger (cGMP) mediates penile vasodilatation. cGMP is even...

5. Antimanic agents - adverse effects

Renal effects

Cardiac effects

Endocrine effects © SPMM Course 5. Antimanic agents - adverse effects Renal effects Certain side effects including polyuria seems to be associated with peak lithium levels; once daily instead of twice daily dosing can reduce these problems. Nearly 1/3rd of tho...

Haematological effects

Neurological effects © SPMM Course and in non-responsive rapid cyclers with bipolar disorder, using thyroxine to treat subclinical hypothyroidism may be beneficial for the mood disorder. Polycystic ovaries (PCO): 25 - 33% UK population of adult females have PC...

Gastrointestinal effects

Teratogenic effects

Skin effects © SPMM Course Gastrointestinal effects Valproate inhibits hepatic enzymes; in some cases the acute liver injury may occur though this is rare in clinical practice. Of persons taking valproate, 5 to 40 percent experience a persistent but clinically...