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B. Special neuronal cell types © SPMM Course 4. Cell types in the nervous system A. Cortical layers The human brain contains approximately 1011 neurons (nerve cells) and approximately 1012 glial cells. According to the distribution of the various types of neur...

C. Glial cells © SPMM Course the largest in the central nervous system, sometimes reaching 100 μm in diameter. Betz cells represent about 10% of the total pyramidal cell population in layer V of the human primary motor cortex. Stellate cells are found in layer...

5. Major neurochemical pathways

A. Dopaminergic pathways

B. Cholinergic pathways © SPMM Course 5. Major neurochemical pathways A. Dopaminergic pathways Depending on the length of the projections, dopaminergic pathways can be classified into Long paths: Nigrostriatal, mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways. Short path...

C. Serotonergic pathways

D. Noradrenergic pathways

E. Glutamatergic system

F. GABAergic system © SPMM Course C. Serotonergic pathways Most of the brain’s serotonergic neurons originate in the midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei and ascend to innervate the entire cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and also descend to the spinal cord...

1. Physiology of Neuronal Activity

A. Action Potentials

B. Synaptic activity © SPMM Course Physiology of Neuronal Activity A. Action Potentials An action potential is initiated at the axonal hillock when the synaptic signals received by the dendrites and soma are sufficient to raise the intracellular resting membr...

2. Neural basis of physiological functions

A. Eating

B. Temperature

C. Pain © SPMM Course 2. Neural basis of physiological functions A. Eating The hypothalamus has 2 centers that control feeding behaviour. Ventromedial hypothalamus acts as the satiety centre while lateral hypothalamus acts as the feeding centre. Neurochemical ...

D. Thirst

E. Abnormalities in physiological drives © SPMM Course Thalamic pain syndrome can occur in cases of stroke involving thalamoperforating branches of posterior cerebral artery. Patients have contralateral loss of sensation with burning or aching pain triggered b...