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Regulatory framework In the UK, the implementation of the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research provides a framework Regulatory framework In the UK, the implementation of the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research provides ...

Research integrity In 2013, Universities UK, in collaboration with major funders of research, developed The Concordat to Support Research Integrity , which sets out key commitments to ensure a high standard in research. It highlights the principles and profes...

SUNRR that enhances the integrity of the study and includes require ments for sponsorship by an institution to ensure the following: peer review , independent ethics review , compliance with data protection principles , financial probity , dissemination and ma...

Sample size Calculating the number of patients required to perform a satis - factory investigation is an important prerequisite to any study . An incorrect sample size is probably the most frequent reason for research being invalid. Often, surgical trials are...

Study protocol Now that the research question has been decided, and it has been checked that su ffi cient patients should be available to enrol into the study , it is time to prepare the detail of the trial. At this stage, a study protocol should be constructed...

ADUL TS: PEOPLE 18 AND ABOVE Capacity in adults is presumed, but this may be challenged on the basis of a reasonable belief that they are incapacitated. Incapacity in England and Wales is established (in those aged 16 years and over) by a two-stage test. Fir...

CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE In England and Wales, a person is a child until their 18th birthday; older children are distinguished from their younger counterparts, since 16- and 17-year-olds are additionally described as ‘young people’. Citizens under 16 years ar...

CONCLUSION Surgeons have combined duties to their patients: to protect life and health and to respect autonomy , both to an acceptable - professional standard. The specific duties of surgeons are shown to follow from these: reasonable practice concerning infor...

CONFIDENTIALITY BALANCED AGAINST THE RISK OF SERIOUS CONFIDENTIALITY BALANCED AGAINST THE RISK OF SERIOUS