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90 Renal Cell Carcinoma Dasari A et al: Trends in the incidence, prevalence, and survival out­ comes for patients with neuroendocrine tumors in the United States. JAMA Oncol 3:1336, 2017. Kulke MH et al: Telotristat ethyl, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor fo...

91 Cancer of the Bladder and Urinary Tract TABLE 90-3  Commonly Used Systemic Regimens for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma CLASS DRUG Antiangiogenic: TKIs Sunitinib Advanced RCC, first line Pazopanib Advanced RCC, first line Axitinib Advanced RCC, pretreated C...

92 Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Prostate Siegel RL et al: Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 73:1, 2023. Sylvester RJ et al: European Association of Urology (EAU) prognostic factor risk groups for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) incor...

93 Testicular Cancer following patients as they are treated with various forms of therapy. Asymptomatic patients do not require treatment regardless of the size of the gland, while those with an inability to urinate, gross hematuria, recurrent infection, or bl...

94 Gynecologic Malignancies Patients in first relapse may be treated with either conventionaldose salvage chemotherapy or high-dose salvage chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue. There is controversy concerning which approach is optimal. Some instituti...

95 Primary and Metastatic Tumors of the Nervous System Mary Jane Lim-Fat, Patrick Y. Wen Primary and Metastatic Tumors of the Nervous System An estimated 95,000 people will be diagnosed with a primary brain tumor annually in the United States. At least 27,000 ...

96 Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas and Bone Metastases Lamba N et al: Epidemiology of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease. Neuro Oncol 23:1447, 2021. Louis DN et al: The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary. Neuro-On...

97 Carcinoma of Unknown Primary osteoporosis, the cortical bone may be preserved, whereas cortical bone destruction is usually noted with metastatic cancer. TREATMENT Metastatic Bone Disease Treatment of metastatic bone disease depends on the underlying malign...

98 Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Endocrinologic/Hematologic ■ ■FURTHER READING Gatalica Z et al: Comprehensive analysis of cancers of unknown pri­ mary for the biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Eur J Cancer 94:179, 2018. Hayashi H et al...

99 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis Josep Dalmau, Francesc Graus Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) are cancer-related syn­ dromes that can affect any part o...

SECTION 2 Hematopoietic Disorders traditionally been performed by oncologists, but the magnitude of the problem mandates that primary care providers and preventive medi­ cine specialists be trained in the follow-up of treated cancer patients in remission or un...

101 Hematopoietic Stem Cells traditionally been performed by oncologists, but the magnitude of the problem mandates that primary care providers and preventive medi­ cine specialists be trained in the follow-up of treated cancer patients in remission or undergo...

103 Disorders of Hemoglobin ■ ■TREATMENT Treatment of the underlying disorder controls anemia of inflammation, as shown by the effect of anti-IL-6 agents in Castleman’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Standard treatment of anemia in CKD is based on ESAs (Cha...

104 Megaloblastic Anemias Unexpected low O2 saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) with nor­ mal O2 saturation of arterial blood is occasionally seen in rare hemo­ globin variants with clinical phenotypes. Asymptomatic patients with unexpectedly low SpO2 should n...

105 Hemolytic Anemias Lucio Luzzatto, Lucia De Franceschi Hemolytic Anemias ■ ■DEFINITIONS Turnover is typical of all blood cells, including erythrocytes, that have a finite life span. Hence, a logical, time-honored classification of anemias is in three groups...

106 Anemia Due to Acute Blood Loss Loirat C et al: An international consensus approach to the manage­ ment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 31:15, 2016. Luzzatto L et al: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Blood 136...

108 Polycythemia Vera and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab are especially effec­ tive in younger MDS patients (<60 years old) with more favorable IPSS. In a consortium retrospective review, about 50% of patients with...

109 Acute Myeloid Leukemia were more effective than anagrelide and aspirin for prevention of TIA because hydroxyurea is a nitric oxide donor, but they were not more effective for the prevention of other types of arterial throm­ bosis and actually less effectiv...