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126 Microbial Genomics and Infectious Disease whereupon they can infect other V. cholerae. Consequently, the bacte­ riophages regulate the abundance of pathogens, with ramifications for the epidemiology of the disease. Whether bacteriophages contribute to cycl...

127 Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected Febrile Patient Gardy JL, Loman NJ: Towards a genomics-informed, real-time, global pathogen surveillance system. Nat Rev Genet 19:9, 2018. Grubaugh ND et al: Tracking virus outbreaks in the twenty-first century. Nat Mic...

128 Principles of Immunization diffuse ground-glass opacities. Consolidation, predominantly in the lower lobes and peripherally, is a frequent finding. Mortality rates for patients requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation have improved significantly...

129 Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use versus nonvaccinees; (3) Are there rare causally related adverse events? If so, what is the incidence rate, and are there risk factors for developing the adverse event that could lead to vaccine contraindications? an...

130 Health Recommendations for International Travel those who do not. Strong provider recommendations using a presump­ tive approach (e.g., “You’re due for the flu shot today” vs “What do you want to do about the flu shot?”) have been shown to improve vaccine ...

SECTION 2 Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections Section 2 Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections Lionel A. Mandell, Michael S. Niederman Pneumonia DEFINITION Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. Despite significant mor...

131 Pneumonia Section 2 Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections Lionel A. Mandell, Michael S. Niederman Pneumonia DEFINITION Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. Despite significant morbidity and mortality, it is often misdiagnosed...

SECTION 15 Infections Due to RNA Viruses virus; (2) the fact that the infection can be transmitted by cell-free or cell-associated virus; (3) the fact that the HIV provirus integrates itself into the genome of the target cell and may remain in a latent form un...

209 Viral Gastroenteritis virus; (2) the fact that the infection can be transmitted by cell-free or cell-associated virus; (3) the fact that the HIV provirus integrates itself into the genome of the target cell and may remain in a latent form unex­ posed to th...

210 Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Reovirus Infections RV Vaccine Introduction Current Vaccine Intro Status Current Vaccine Intro Status Introduced Not Introduced Planning Introduced Subnationally Program Suspended January 8, 2024 © The International Vaccine A...

211 Measles (Rubeola) TABLE 210-3  Recommendations for Poliovirus Vaccination of Adults Most adults in the United States have little risk for exposure to polioviruses, and most are immune as a result of vaccination during childhood. Vaccination with IPV is re...

212 Rubella (German Measles) Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the substantial contributions of Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett, who coauthored prior editions of this chapter. ■ ■FURTHER READING De Swart RL, Moss WJ: The immunological basis for immunization seri...

213 Mumps have been established in the WHO American, European, Southeast Asian, African, and Western Pacific regions. The Eastern Mediterra­ nean region has not yet set such goals. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in late 2019, led to extensiv...

214 Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections Mcclean HQ et al: Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: Summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 62:1, 2013. Rasheed ...

215 Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus Infections infiltration of the wound(s). With multiple or large wounds, the RIG preparation may need to be diluted in order to obtain a sufficient volume for adequate infiltration of all wound sites. If the exposure i...

216 The Filovirids: Orthoebolavirus and Orthomarburgvirus Infections public health impact while reducing potential risk in seronegative individuals. Further postmarket evaluation is ongoing. More recently, a phase 3 trial of Butantan-DV, a single-dose tetraval...

SECTION 16 Fungal Infections covers and a face shield and/or goggles. If available, N-95 or N-100 respi­ rators may be used to further limit infection risk. Positive-air-pressure respirators should be considered for high-risk medical procedures, such as intuba...

132 Lung Abscess community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 44:S27, 2007. Martin-Loeches I et al: ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 61:2200735, 2023. Metlay JP et al: Diagnosis...