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140 Urinary Tract Infections: Cystitis, Prostatitis, and Pyelonephritis colectomy should be performed before the serum lactate level reaches 5 mmol/L. However, mortality and morbidity associated with colectomy may be reduced by performing instead a laparo­ sco...

141 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Clinical Approach placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 76:2154, 2023. Patel PK et al: Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 u...

142 Encephalitis up to one-fourth infected. Persons who transmit infection or who have recently been infected and are still in the incubation period usually have no symptoms or only mild symptoms and seek medical attention only when notified of their exposure....

143 Acute Meningitis Europe in children from countries where routine childhood immu­ nizations are not available. Most patients give a history of primary measles infection at an early age (2 years), which is followed after a latent interval of 6–8 years by the...

144 Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis Avindra Nath, Walter J. Koroshetz, Michael R. Wilson Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis Chronic inflammation of the meninges (pia, arachnoid, and dura) can produce profound neurologic disability and may be fatal if not succes...

145 Brain Abscess and Empyema tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose may be useful in identifying a systemic site for biopsy in patients with suspected carcinomatous meningitis or sarcoidosis when other tests are unrevealing. Genetic testing can identify mutations...

146 Infectious Complications of Bites frontal, parietal, and occipital superior cerebral veins and the diploic veins, which communicate with the meningeal veins. Bacterial menin­ gitis is a common predisposing condition for septic thrombosis of the superior sa...

SECTION 3 Clinical Syndromes: Health Care–Associated Infections immunocompromise, including that due to diabetes mellitus, liver disease, or splenectomy; involvement of extremities with underlying venous and/or lymphatic compromise; and prior mastectomy on the...

147 Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities immunocompromise, including that due to diabetes mellitus, liver disease, or splenectomy; involvement of extremities with underlying venous and/or lymphatic compromise; and prior mastectomy on the side of an in...

148 Infections in Transplant Recipients Miles-Jay A et al: Longitudinal genomic surveillance of carriage and transmission of Clostridioides difficile in an intensive care unit. Nat Med 29:2526, 2023. O’Grady NP: Prevention of central line-associated bloodstrea...

SECTION 4 Therapy for Bacterial Diseases construction sites or to wear protective gear if this is not possible. Using a mask in encounters with high risk of aerosol transmission is recom­ mended. There is a general recommendation against getting new pets for t...

149 Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections construction sites or to wear protective gear if this is not possible. Using a mask in encounters with high risk of aerosol transmission is recom­ mended. There is a general recommendation against getting n...

150 Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents David C. Hooper Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents ■ ■DEFINITION OF RESISTANCE The action of antimicrobial agents on a range of targets within the bacterial cell can result in inhibition of bacterial g...

SECTION 5 Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria French GL: Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infec­ tions, in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, 4th ed. GC Mayhall (ed). Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012, pp. 1297...

151 Pneumococcal Infections French GL: Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infec­ tions, in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, 4th ed. GC Mayhall (ed). Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012, pp. 1297–1310. Rice LB: Mechanis...

152 Staphylococcal Infections 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PREVNAR 20 (Pfizer). Both vaccines are now also licensed for infant immunization and are likely to gradually replace PCV10 and PCV13. The additional serotypes in the new vaccines account f...

153 Streptococcal Infections Strategies to prevent recurrent S. aureus infections in the community have had limited success. Decolonization with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine washes of the infected individual and the additional decolonization of house...

154 Enterococcal Infections ■ ■FURTHER READING Bruckner L, Gigliotti F: Viridans group streptococcal infections among children with cancer and the importance of emerging antibi­ otic resistance. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 17:153, 2006. Parks T et al: Polyspecifi...