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16 - 255 Focal Atrial Tachycardia
255 Focal Atrial Tachycardia and should be a part of a treatment strategy to reduce symptoms. While it is sometimes difficult to differentiate inappropriate sinus tachycardia from POTS, recognition of these distinct clinical syndromes is criti cal for treatme...
17 - 256 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias
256 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias I aVR I II II PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System III III VI VI III III V5 V5 FIGURE 255-2 Focal atrial tachycardia. In the right panel, a surface 12-lead electrocardiogram shows focal intermittent atrial...
19 - 258 Atrial Fibrillation
258 Atrial Fibrillation ■ ■FURTHER READING Brugada J et al: 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The task force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiol...
20 - 259 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias
259 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias TABLE 258-3 Recommendations for Catheter Ablation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) LEVEL OF EVIDENCE RECOMMENDATIONS CLASS A In patients with symptomatic AF in whom antiarrhythmic drugs have been ineffective, c...
22 - 261 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia
261 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia aVR I aVL II aVF III V1 FIGURE 260-4 Accelerated idioventricular rhythm. Shown is an example of a slow regular wide-complex rhythm. Fusion beats are seen on complexes 4 and 10, which are more positive in lead V1 and narro...
24 - 263 Electrical Storm and Incessant Ventricular Tachycardia
263 Electrical Storm and Incessant Ventricular Tachycardia ■ ■FURTHER READING Callans DJ: Josephson’s Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology: Techniques and Interpretations, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2024. Jalife J, Stevenson W (eds): Zipes and Jalife’...
26 - 264 Heart Failure- Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
264 Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis N V V N V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V N N V V N N V V V N V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V T 1mV Scale (0.0/40.0/80.0/120.0) FIGURE 263-5 Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)–triggered ven...
27 - 265 Heart Failure- Management
265 Heart Failure: Management ■ ■FURTHER READING Aimo A et al: Cardiac remodeling - Part 2: Clinical, imaging and labo ratory findings. A review from the Study Group on Biomarkers of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J H...
28 - 266 Classification of Cardiomyopathy
266 Classification of Cardiomyopathy as useful in Europe, although the usefulness is disputable. Variation in the benefits of beta blockers based on world region remains an area of controversy. In oral pharmacologic therapy trials of HFrEF, patients from south...
29 - 267 Genetic Cardiomyopathies
267 Genetic Cardiomyopathies TABLE 266-2 Initial Evaluation of Cardiomyopathy Clinical Evaluation Thorough history and physical examination to identify cardiac and noncardiac disorders Detailed family history of heart failure, cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopath...
30 - 268 Acute and Chronic Myocarditis
268 Acute and Chronic Myocarditis Neal K. Lakdawala, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Joseph Loscalzo Acute and Chronic Myocarditis Myocarditis is defined as inflammation of the heart muscle, which may present acutely, subacutely, or insidiously. Outcomes can include r...
31 - 269 Dilated Cardiomyopathies
269 Dilated Cardiomyopathies unexplained. Without curative therapy, the initial inflammatory necro sis can lead to thrombosis, valve disease, and progressive endomyocar dial fibrosis with restrictive physiology, termed Loeffler endocarditis, which presents a...
32 - 270 Amyloidosis and Other Restrictive Cardiomyopathies
270 Amyloidosis and Other Restrictive Cardiomyopathies ■ ■FURTHER READING Arany Z: Peripartum cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 390:154, 2024. Cardinale D et al: Early detection of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and improvement with heart failure therapy. Circulation...
34 - 272 Aortic Stenosis
272 Aortic Stenosis ■ ■NOVEL DEVICES Newer pumps are in development that are designed to overcome chal lenges inherent in current-generation LVAS. Engineering continues to advance in this field, and we await devices that provide physiologic and synchronized p...
35 - 273 Aortic Regurgitation
273 Aortic Regurgitation Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo Aortic Regurgitation ■ ■ETIOLOGY (Table 273-1) Aortic regurgitation (AR) may be caused by primary valve disease, aortic root disease, or their combination. Primary Valve Disease Rheumatic disease res...
36 - 274 Mitral Stenosis
274 Mitral Stenosis Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo Mitral Stenosis PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System The role of the physical examination in the evaluation of patients with valvular heart disease is also considered in Chaps. 44 and 246; of elec...
37 - 275 Mitral Regurgitation
275 Mitral Regurgitation are lower in young patients and may be twice as high in patients 65 years of age with significant comorbidities. Because there are also long-term complications of valve replacement, patients in whom preoperative evaluation suggests th...
38 - 276 Mitral Valve Prolapse
276 Mitral Valve Prolapse edge-to-edge repair (TEER) versus surgical repair are ongo ing to determine if the extension of clip technology to low- and intermediate-risk surgical patients with significant degenerative MR is appropriate. The TEER system is also ...