Search Results

369 Antiphospholipid Syndrome Barber MRW et al: Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythema­ tosus. Nat Rev Rheumatol 17: 515, 2021. Fanouriakis A et al: EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis 83...

370 Rheumatoid Arthritis myeloproliferative disorders, hypercholesterolemia, or other causes of thrombophilia. Diagnosis of CAPS should be considered in patients with mainly microvascular thrombotic disease involving multiple organs in a short time period. A p...

371 Acute Rheumatic Fever Fraenkel L et al: 2021 American College of Rheumatology guide­ line for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 73:1108, 2021. Gravallese EM, Firestein GS: Rheumatoid arthritis: Common ori­ gins, divergent mechan...

373 Sjögren’s Disease dermatomyositis (heliotrope rash on the eyelids, erythematous rash on knuckles) may occur. Arthralgia is common, and some patients develop erosive polyarthritis. Pulmonary fibrosis and isolated or sec­ ondary PAH may develop. Other manife...

374 Spondyloarthritis Dry eyes and/or dry mouth1 And/or Major salivary gland enlargement, fatigue, Raynaud’s phenomenon, arthralgias/arthritis (particularly small hand joints), palpable purpura/urticarial lesions, renal tubular acidosis/membranoproliferative g...

375 The Vasculitis Syndromes Carol A. Langford, Anthony S. Fauci The Vasculitis Syndromes DEFINITION Vasculitis is a clinicopathologic process characterized by inflammation of and damage to blood vessels. The vessel lumen is usually compro­ mised, and this is ...

376 Behçet Syndrome Yusuf Yazici Behçet Syndrome PART 11 Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheumatologic Disorders Behçet syndrome is a systemic vasculitis, first described by Hulusi Behçet, a Turkish dermatologist. It can present with oral and genital ulcers...

377 Inflammatory Myopathies 20–21-gauge needle prick. It is rather unique for Behçet syndrome and is part of the ISG diagnostic criteria. Arthralgia or arthritis is seen in about half of patients; it is usually a mono- or oligoarthritis in the lower extremitie...

378 Relapsing Polychondritis of mycophenolate compared to other immunosuppressive agents is the lack of renal or hepatic toxicity. Rituximab  Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against CD20+ B cells. A large randomized controlled trial found no benefi...

379 Sarcoidosis RP to define the extent of disease involvement. Direct laryngoscopy can be useful to visualize cartilage damage and inflammation in the upper airway; however, bronchoscopy to visualize the lower airway can exacerbate disease and should be perfo...

380 IgG4-Related Disease potentially has higher rates of infectious complications. Other medications that can be considered second-line treatment include leflunomide or mycophenolate mofetil. Hydroxychloroquine can also be an effective immunomodulator, particu...

383 Osteoarthritis David T. Felson, Tuhina Neogi Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and its negative impact on physi­ cal function make it a leading cause of disability in th...

385 Fibromyalgia Leslie J. Crofford Fibromyalgia ■ ■DEFINITION Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic widespread musculo­ skeletal pain and tenderness. Although FM is defined primarily as a pain syndrome, patients also commonly report associated neurops...

SECTION 1 Endocrinology Section 1 Endocrinology J. Larry Jameson Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders The management of endocrine disorders has applied principles of precision medicine before the term was commonly used (Chap. 5). A general goal is...

388 Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders Section 1 Endocrinology J. Larry Jameson Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders The management of endocrine disorders has applied principles of precision medicine before the term was commonly used...

389 Mechanisms of Hormone Action ultrasound, and thyroid scan are also used for the diagnosis of endo­ crine disorders. However, these tests generally are employed only after a hormonal abnormality has been established by biochemical testing. ■ ■HORMONE MEASUR...

390 Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Hormones Positive feedback control also occurs but is not well understood. The primary example is estrogen-mediated stimulation of the midcycle LH surge. Although chronic low levels of estrogen are inhibitory, gradu­ ally r...

391 Hypopituitarism Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson Hypopituitarism Deficient production of anterior pituitary hormones leads to features of hypopituitarism. Impaired production of one or more of the anterior pituitary trophic hormones can result from inherite...