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Chapter 2 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 2 Pulmonology • Anticoagulant First-line: apixaban or rivaroxaban Second-line: (if apixaban or rivaroxaban are not suitable)  LMWH for at least 5 days followed by dabigatran or edoxaban O...

Pages 326-350 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Typical morphology of Aspergillus fumigatus. CT chest showed Aspergilloma A slightly thick-walled left upper lobe cavity contains a rounded mass. A crescent-shaped airspace, termed the air cresc...

Chapter 2 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 2 Pulmonology • Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial biopsy, and transbronchial biopsy. the next test for patients with a positive blood BeLPT or a stron...

Pages 376-400 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad • Hamman's sign (or 'crunch') is a clicking sound synchronous with the heart-beat , heard over the sternal edge in mediastinal emphysema or Left-sided pneumothoraces. Risk factors • Young adult ...

Chapter 2 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 2 Pulmonology Smoking cessation Action of smoking • Nicotine is a stimulant and releases dopamine in the brain that leads to addictive effects of smoking. • Its effects can be replaced in o...

Pages 426-450 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Acute treatment of variceal haemorrhage • ABC: patients should ideally be resuscitated prior to endoscopy • correct clotting: FFP, vitamin K • vasoactive agents:  terlipressin is currently the ...

Chapter 3 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 3 Gastroenterology Energy from food • The amount of energy that may be derived from 1 gram of food is as follows:  carbohydrates: 4 kcal  protein: 4 kcal  fat: 9 kcal • The amount of ener...

Pages 476-500 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad  small intestinal bacterial overgrowth  Ileal resection  drugs:  Biguanides (metformin) ,  Colchicine, used for treating gout in patients where (NSAIDs) are contraindicated Investigation • ...

Chapter 3 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 3 Gastroenterology  Significant alcohol use  Hepatitis C (particularly genotype 3)  Wilson disease  Lipodystrophy  Starvation  Parenteral nutrition  Abetalipoproteinemia  Medications...

Pages 526-550 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad • porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) Management of chronic infection • chronic hepatitis C is defined as infection that lasts for more than 6 months. • Combination therapy  interferon-alfa and ribav...

Chapter 3 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 3 Gastroenterology General points • patients should be strongly advised to stop smoking • some studies suggest an increased risk of relapse secondary to NSAIDs and the combined oral contrace...

Pages 576-600 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Rigler’s sign, which indicates a perforated viscus.  also known as the double wall sign, is seen on an X-ray of the abdomen when  the air is present on both sides of the intestine, (luminal a...

Chapter 4 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 4 Neurology Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome) Pathophysiology • Ischemic occlusion of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) lesion to dorsolateral medulla • May ...

Pages 626-650 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Trigeminal neuralgia Overview • Sensation over the face is supplied by the trigeminal nerve • Trigeminal neuralgia is a pain syndrome characterised by severe unilateral pain. • Most often affec...

Chapter 4 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 4 Neurology Features • headache  chronic postural headache (suggested by its improvement as the day progresses) 10% of cases are free of headaches. • blurred vision, (Horizontal diplopia) ...

Pages 676-700 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad • Males and females are equally affected and a family history may be present Pathophysiology • Studies suggest that abnormal dopamine pathways in the brain and impaired iron homeostasis (leading...

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Neurology • Respiratory care Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) (usually BIPAP) is used at night  have the greatest effect on survival → survival benefit of around 7 months • Radiologically inserted gastrostomy feeding (in case of dysphagia) ...

Pages 726-750 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Disc prolapse Loss of sensation in the upper outer thigh is consistent with nerve root compression caused by a prolapsed vertebral disc. Pathophysiology • The intervertebral disk consists of a d...