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Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Pharmacology Lipophilic antimuscarinic (good oral bioavailability and CNS penetration) (Tertiary amines) Drug Effect Indication • Atropine • ↑ Heart rate • ↓ Secretions of exocrine glands • ↓ Tone and motility of smooth muscles • ↓Choline...

Pages 1676-1700 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Drug causes teratogenesis Some common drugs and their potential teratogenic effect are given below: drug teratogenic effect Androgens cardiac deformities Alcohol fetal alcohol syndrome Carbam...

Chapter 13 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 13 Pharmacology  If, following the first year, the dose has not been increased and blood results have been stable, the frequency of monitoring can be reduced to every six months for the se...

Pages 1726-1750 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Prescribing N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) • Action:  it is a precursor of glutathione and hence can increase hepatic glutathione production • Root and administration:  Acetylcysteine is the treatm...

Chapter 13 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 13 Pharmacology • Prior to initiating a TNF-alpha inhibitor, all patients should be screened for:  tuberculosis,  hepatitis B, and  hepatitis C. • All forms of anti-TNF therapy are given...

Pages 1776-1800 Hypophosphataemia Definition • serum phosphate level of less than 2.5 mg/dL (0.8 mmol/L). Causes Causes Consequences • alcohol excess • acute liver failure • diabetic ketoacidosis • refeeding syndrome • primary hyperparathyroidism • osteomalac...

Chapter 15 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 15 Basic sciences Immunology Immune system response Innate VS Adaptive immune response Innate (non-specific system) Adaptive (acquired system) Components Anatomical and physiological barr...

Pages 1826-1850 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad • Cardiac anomalies: (e.g., tetralogy of Fallot, VSD, ASD) • Facial abnormalities: Cleft palate Micrognathia (small lower jaw) and/or retrognathia Dysplastic ears High and broad nasal brid...

Chapter 16 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 16 Basic sciences Genetics • primary amenorrhoea • associated absent uterus and streak ovaries • cystic hygroma (often diagnosed prenatally) • high-arched palate • short fourth metacarpal •...

Pages 1876-1898 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Skewed distributions Skewed distributions • alphabetical order: mean - median - mode • '>' for positive, '<' for negative • Normal (Gaussian) distributions: mean = median = mode (bell-shaped)...

1 Clinical decision-making Clinical decision-making N Cooper AL Cracknell Introduction 2 The problem of diagnostic error 2 Clinical reasoning: definitions 2 Clinical skills and decision-making 3 Use and interpretation of diagnostic tests 3 Normal values 3 Facto...

2 Clinical therapeutics and good prescribing Clinical therapeutics and good prescribing SRJ Maxwell Principles of clinical pharmacology 14 Pharmacodynamics 14 Pharmacokinetics 17 Inter-individual variation in drug responses 19 Adverse outcomes of drug therapy ...

3 Clinical genetics Clinical genetics K Tatton-Brown DR FitzPatrick The fundamental principles of genomics 38 The packaging of genes: DNA, chromatin and chromosomes 38 From DNA to protein 38 Non-coding RNA 40 Cell division, differentiation and migration 40 Cel...

4 Clinical immunology Clinical immunology SE Marshall SL Johnston Functional anatomy and physiology 62 The innate immune system 62 The adaptive immune system 67 The inflammatory response 70 Acute inflammation 70 Chronic inflammation 71 Laboratory features of infla...

5 Population health and epidemiology Population health and epidemiology H Campbell DA McAllister Global burden of disease and underlying risk factors 92 Life expectancy 92 Global causes of death and disability 92 Risk factors underlying disease 93 Social deter...

6 Principles of infectious disease Principles of infectious disease JAT Sandoe DH Dockrell Infectious agents 100 Normal microbial flora 102 Host–pathogen interactions 104 Investigation of infection 105 Direct detection of pathogens 105 Culture 106 Indirect dete...

7 Poisoning Poisoning SHL Thomas Comprehensive evaluation of the poisoned patient 132 General approach to the poisoned patient 134 Triage and resuscitation 134 Clinical assessment and investigations 134 Psychiatric assessment 135 General management 135 Poisoni...

8 Envenomation Envenomation J White Comprehensive evaluation of the envenomed patient 152 Geographical distribution of venomous snakes 153 Bedside tests in the envenomed patient 153 Overview of envenomation 154 Venom 154 Venomous animals 154 Clinical effects 1...