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List of abbreviations xxxv Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine AAA acquired aplastic anaemia AAFB acid-​ and alcohol-​fast bacilli AASLD American Association for t...

Oxford Textbook of Medicine-Volume 1, 6e (May 6, 2020)(0198746695)(Oxford University Press)

Oxford Textbook of Medicine Oxford Textbook of Medicine 1 Oxford Textbook of Medicine SIXTH EDITION Volume 1: Sections 1–9 EDITED BY John D. Firth Christopher P. Conlon Timothy M. Cox

Preface Preface Changes in medicine The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is published online and has been regularly updated for many years, but the production of a new and very substantially updated edition provides a moment when it is nat- ural and proper to refle...

cover 2 ONLY FOR SALE IN INDIA, BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA, NEPAL, BHUTAN, AND MYANMAR AND NOT FOR EXPORT THEREFROM. NOT FOR SALE IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY IN THE WORLD SIXTH EDITION VOLUME 1 edited by John D. Firth Christopher P. Conlon Timothy M. Cox Oxford Textbook o...

10.1 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning— Introduction 1637 The environment, both the occupational and the wider environ- ment, can affect health in many ways, both adversely and benefi- cially. While to date many of these effects have...

10.2 Occupational health 1638

10.2.1 Occupational and environmental health 1638 10.2 Occupational health CONTENTS 10.2.1 Occupational and environmental health  1638 Raymond Agius and Debasish Sen 10.2.2 Occupational safety  1652 Lawrence Waterman 10.2.3 Aviation medicine  1656 Michael B...

10.2.2 Occupational safety 1652 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning 1652 and societal approach to achieve health promotion and protection, as well as ill health prevention. The strongest link to public health exist when wor...

10.2.3 Aviation medicine 1656 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning 1656 18 months imprisonment. Although the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 has remained unchanged in this time, the new guidelines represent the most signi...

10.2.4 Diving medicine 1664 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning 1664 Newly emerging infectious disease SARS is an atypical pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus which first appeared in the Far East in 2003. Thousands of f...

10.2.5 Noise 1671 10.2.5  Noise 1671 inference, lungs that are too small for their bodies, are more liable to lung rupture on rapid ascents. Possible pre-​existing blebs, bullae, or air-​trapping on postincident CT of chest in a small case series of pulmonary ...

10.2.6 Vibration 1673 10.2.6  Vibration 1673 There might be symptoms of annoyance, distraction, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and feelings of isolation. These can combine to re- duce work output and efficiency. Accidents in noisy workplaces have been attributed ...

10.3 Environment and health 1677

10.3.1 Air pollution and health 1677 10.3 Environment and health CONTENTS 10.3.1 Air pollution and health  1677 Om P. Kurmi, Kin Bong Hubert Lam, and Jon G. Ayres 10.3.2 Heat  1687 Michael A. Stroud 10.3.3 Cold  1689 Michael A. Stroud 10.3.4 Drowning  1691...

10.3.2 Heat 1687 10.3.2  Heat 1687 Air quality index Based on the air quality guidelines, government agencies around the world have drawn up variations of air quality index to commu- nicate information about real-​time and short-​term forecast levels of air po...

10.3.3 Cold 1689 10.3.3  Cold 1689 capacity (e.g. anticholinergics). Salicylate overdose can generate heat stroke by increasing metabolic heat production while impairing hypothalamic regulation. There are two types of heat-​related drug reactions, however, whi...

10.3.4 Drowning 1691 10.3.4  Drowning 1691 Frostbite Human tissues freeze at around –​2 °C. Ice forms outside cells but the remaining extracellular fluid becomes hyperosmolar and hence severe intracellular dehydration occurs. This denatures proteins. Vascular ...