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12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease 2115 12.7.2  Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease 2115 12.7.2  Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’​s disease and Menkes’​...

12.8 Lysosomal disease 2121 ESSENTIALS Lysosomal function and classification of diseases The lysosome is a ubiquitous, single membrane-​bound intracellular organelle which continuously recycles biological macromolecules: it not only breaks down cell components...

12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults 2157 ESSENTIALS The peroxisome is a specialized organelle which employs molecular oxygen in the oxidation of complex organic molecules including lipids. Enzymatic pathways for the metabolism of fatty acids, in...

13.1 Principles of hormone action 2245 Rob Fowkes, V. Krishna Chatterjee, and Mark Gurnell ESSENTIALS Hormones, produced by glands or cells, are messengers which act locally or at a distance to coordinate the function of cells and organs. Types of hormone incl...

13.10 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine disease 2541 ESSENTIALS Tumours (usually but not invariably malignant), other ‘non​endocrine conditions’ and drugs can be associated with a wide variety of endo- crine syndromes. ‘Ectopic’ hormone secretion, define...

13.11 The pineal gland and melatonin 2553 ESSENTIALS The pineal gland transduces light–​dark cycles for the timing of body rhythms by secretion of melatonin, an endogenous indoleamine de- rived from tryptophan, the concentrations of which in plasma and cerebro...

13.2 Pituitary disorders 2258

13.2.1 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland 2258 Niki Karavitaki and John A.H. Wass CONTENTS 13.2.1 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland  2258 Niki Karavitaki and John A.H. Wass 13.2.2 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland  2277 Niki Karavitak...

13.2.2 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland 2277 13.2.2  Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland 2277 FURTHER READING Ajithkumar T, et al. (2011). Pituitary radiotherapy. In:  Wass JAH, Stewart P (eds) Oxford textbook of endocrinology and diabetes (2n...

13.3 Thyroid disorders 2284

13.3.1 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function 2284 CONTENTS 13.3.1 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function  2284 Anthony P. Weetman and Kristien Boelaert 13.3.2 Thyroid cancer  2302 Kristien Boelaert and Anthony P. Weetman 13.3.1  The ...

13.3.2 Thyroid cancer 2302 SECTION 13  Endocrine disorders 2302 Bernal J, Guadaño-​Ferraz A, Morte B (2015). Thyroid hormone transporters—​functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 11, 406–​17. Biondi B, Wartofsky L (2014). Treatment with thyroi...

13.4 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism 2313 ESSENTIALS The control of body calcium involves a balance—​chiefly under the control of parathyroid hormone (PTH)—​between the amounts that are absorbed from the gut, deposited into bone ...

13.5 Adrenal disorders 2331

13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex 2331 Mark Sherlock and Mark Gurnell CONTENTS 13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex  2331 Mark Sherlock and Mark Gurnell 13.5.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia  2360 Nils P. Krone and Ieuan A. Hughes 13.5.1  Disorders of...

13.5.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2360 Nils P. Krone and Ieuan A. Hughes SECTION 13  Endocrine disorders 2360 Isidori AM, et  al. (2006). The ectopic adrenocorticotropin syn- drome:  clinical features, diagnosis, management, and long-​term follow-​up. J Cl...

13.6 Reproductive disorders 2374

13.6.1 Ovarian disorders 2374 Stephen Franks, Kate Hardy, and Lisa J. Webber CONTENTS 13.6.1 Ovarian disorders  2374 Stephen Franks, Kate Hardy, and Lisa J. Webber 13.6.2 Disorders of male reproduction and male hypogonadism  2386 P.-​M.G. Bouloux 13.6.3 Ben...