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15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumours 3178 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3178 Graft-​versus-​host disease The liver is often affected by graft-​versus-​host disease that may follow allogeneic and solid organ transplantation, especially when l...

15.24.7 Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood 3191 15.24.7  Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood 3191 15.24.7  Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood Richard J. Thompson ESSENTIALS Most liver diseases that occur in adu...

15.25 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree 3196 ESSENTIALS Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts are common, with gall- stones and their complications being most frequent. Less common are biliary strictures, usually malignant, which are caused by ...

15.26 Diseases of the pancreas 3209

15.26.1 Acute pancreatitis 3209 CONTENTS 15.26.1 Acute pancreatitis  3209 R. Carter, Euan J. Dickson, and C.J. McKay 15.26.2 Chronic pancreatitis  3218 Marco J. Bruno and Djuna L. Cahen 15.26.3 Tumours of the pancreas  3227 James R.A. Skipworth and Stephen ...

15.26.2 Chronic pancreatitis 3218 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3218 Specific complications of acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatic pseudocyst It is rare that an acute inflammatory collection persists beyond 4 weeks and contains little or no debris ...

15.26.3 Tumours of the pancreas 3227 15.26.3  Tumours of the pancreas 3227 plastic stents. Several studies have shown higher efficiency, prob- ably due to the larger diameter (equivalent to seven 10 Fr plastic stents). They are also associated with a reduced n...

15.3 Methods for investigation of gastroenterological disease 2734

15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy 2734 CONTENTS 15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy  2734 James E. East and Brian P. Saunders 15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy  2740 James E. East and George J. Webster 15.3.3 Radiology of the gas...

15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2740 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2740 assurance is essential and international efforts to encourage audit and set key performance indicators are underway. Colonoscopists should be aware of their own adenoma...

15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract 2748 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2748 FURTHER READING Allison MC, et al. (2009). Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gut, 58, 869–​80. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, et al. (...

15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal function 2757 15.3.4  Investigation of gastrointestinal function 2757 bladder wall thickening adjacent to the inflamed sigmoid colon, or enteric contrast within the bladder. FURTHER READING Ajaj W, Goyen M (2007). MR im...

15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations 2765

15.4.1 The acute abdomen 2765 CONTENTS 15.4.1 The acute abdomen  2765 Simon J.A. Buczacki and R. Justin Davies 15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding  2771 Vanessa Brown and T.A. Rockall 15.4.1  The acute abdomen Simon J.A. Buczacki and R. Justin Davies ESSENTIALS...

15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding 2771 15.4.2  Gastrointestinal bleeding 2771 15.4.2  Gastrointestinal bleeding Vanessa Brown and T.A. Rockall ESSENTIALS Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a common emergency, which can be subdivided into upper and lower, and ac...

15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 2783 ESSENTIALS Immune homeostasis in the gut is the result of a delicate balance between peaceful coexistence with commensal microbiota, immu- nomodulatory effects of dietary antigens, and appropriate respon...

15.6 The mouth and salivary glands 2797 ESSENTIALS Many systemic diseases are associated with oral symptoms or signs, hence thorough examination of the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, and oropharynx should be part of any complete physical examination of a patient. ...

15.7 Diseases of the oesophagus 2828 ESSENTIALS Defective conduit function of the oesophagus readily induces clinical symptoms and may have serious effects on nutrition and the lungs, the latter resulting from aspiration of gastro-​oesophageal contents. Oesoph...