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18.1 Structure and function 3933 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract 3933 Pallav L. Shah, J.R. Stradling, and S.E. Craig CONTENTS 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract  3933 Pallav L. Shah, J.R. Stradling, and S.E. Craig 18.1.2 Airways and alveoli  3937 Peter D....

18.1.2 Airways and alveoli 3937 Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah 18.1.2  Airways and alveoli 3937 capacity, thus preventing atelectasis. In adults there is no good evi- dence that the rate of expiration is underactive laryngeal control, but this mechanism ma...

18.10 Cystic fibrosis 4151 Andrew Bush and Caroline Elston ESSENTIALS Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessively inherited disease caused by muta- tions in the cystic fibrosis gene, located on the long arm of chromo- some 7, which codes for a membrane protein—​the ...

18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases 4166 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction 4166 F. Teo and A.U. Wells CONTENTS 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction  4166 F. Teo and A.U. Wells 18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibr...

18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 4177 P.L. Molyneaux, A.G. Nicholson, N. Hirani, and A.U. Wells 18.11.2  Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 4177 18.11.2  Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis P.L. Molyneaux, A.G. Nicholson, N. Hirani, and A.U. Wells ESSENTIALS The syn...

18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 4185 Vasilis Kouranos and A.U. Wells 18.11.3  Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 4185 Raghu G, et al. (2011). An Official ATS/​ERS/​JRS/​ALAT Statement: idio- path...

18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders 4191 M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells 18.11.4  The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders 4191 18.11.4  The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells ESSENTIALS Lung complications occur in al...

18.12 Sarcoidosis 4208 Robert P. Baughman and Elyse E. Lower ESSENTIALS Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas in at least two organs. It can present in a wide variety of ways. Differential di...

18.13 Pneumoconioses 4219 P.T. Reid ESSENTIALS Pneumoconiosis describes the pathological reaction of the lung to inhaled dust, most often, but not exclusively, related to exposures occurring at work. It may be defined as a permanent alteration of lung structur...

18.14 Miscellaneous conditions 4235 18.14.1 Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage 4235 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett CONTENTS 18.14.1 Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage  4235 S. J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett 18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia  4238 S. J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett...

18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis 4265 S.J. Bourke 18.14.10  Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis 4265 Prevention and management Prevention of lipoid pneumonia is focused on minimizing any tendency to aspiration associated with impaired swallowing, and i...

18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosols 4267 Chris Stenton 18.14.11  Toxic gases and aerosols 4267 have been noted, and might be useful in monitoring the activity and progression of the disease. Treatment Etidronate, a bisphosphonate, reduces the formation of calciu...

18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitis 4271 S.J. Bourke 18.14.12  Radiation pneumonitis 4271 in the early detection of subacute disease such as bronchiolitis and limiting its adverse consequences. FURTHER READING Cowl CT (2019). Assessment and treatment of acute toxic...

18.14.13 Drug- induced lung disease 4272 S.J. Bourke section 18  Respiratory disorders 4272 Symptoms occur in about 5–​15% of patients, depending on the treatment regimen used, with the onset of cough, breathlessness, and fever about 2 months after radiotherap...

18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia 4238 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett section 18  Respiratory disorders 4238 FURTHER READING Casian A, Jayne D (2011). Plasma exchange in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg–​ Strauss syndrome ...

18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung 4241 S.J. Bourke 18.14.3  Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung 4241 Hypereosinophilic syndrome Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare haematological disorder with sustained overproduction of eosinophils in the bone ...

18.14.4 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4244 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett section 18  Respiratory disorders 4244 Hare SS, et  al. (2012). The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease. Br J Radiol, 85, 848–​64. Jaffre S, et al. (2006). Fatal...

18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis 4256 S.J. Bourke section 18  Respiratory disorders 4256 Cullinan P, et al. (2014). Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and metal working fluids. Thorax, 69, 1059–​60. Dakhama A, et al. (1999). Common respiratory virus...