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18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumonia 4022 Wei Shen Lim section 18  Respiratory disorders 4022 FURTHER READING Briel M, et al. (2018). Corticosteroids in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: Systematic review and indi- vidual patient data meta analys...

18.4.4 Mycobacteria 4026 Hannah Jarvis and Onn Min Kon section 18  Respiratory disorders 4026 Colonization and aspiration Secretions in the upper airways of intubated patients often pool above the endotracheal tube. Efforts to reduce the aspiration of these se...

18.4.5 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 4031 Julia Choy and Anton Pozniak 18.4.5  Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 4031 Prevention The World Health Organization has prioritized the eradication of tu- berculosis and set the goal of reducing the ...

18.5 The upper respiratory tract 4040 18.5.1 Upper airway obstruction 4040 James H. Hull and Matthew Hind CONTENTS 18.5.1  Upper airway obstruction  4040 James H. Hull and Matthew Hind 18.5.2  Sleep-​related breathing disorders  4048 Mary J. Morrell, Julia Kel...

18.5.2 Sleep- related breathing disorders 4048 Mary J. Morrell, Julia Kelly, Alison McMillan, and Matthew Hind section 18  Respiratory disorders 4048 Laryngeal dysfunction The anatomical position of the larynx dictates its role as the true ‘gateway’ to the air...

18.6 Allergic rhinitis 4059 Stephen R. Durham and Hesham A. Saleh ESSENTIALS Allergic rhinitis affects more than 20% of the population of Westernized countries and has a significant impact on quality of life and school/​work performance. Aetiology and clinical...

18.7 Asthma 4067 Alexandra Nanzer- Kelly, Paul Cullinan, and Andrew Menzies- Gow ESSENTIALS Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial airways that is characterized pathologically by a desquamative eosino- philic bronchitis and clinically by rev...

18.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 4098 Nicholas S. Hopkinson ESSENTIALS Definition Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung condi- tion caused by the inhalation of noxious materials, principally to- bacco smoke, and characterized by airf...

18.9 Bronchiectasis 4142 R. Wilson and D. Bilton ESSENTIALS A bronchiectatic lung contains permanently dilated subsegmental airways that are inflamed, tortuous, and often partially or totally ob- structed with secretions. Pathogenesis involves airway inflamma-...

M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells 18.11.5 The lung in vasculitis 4200 G.A. Margaritopoulos and A.U. Wells section 18  Respiratory disorders 4200 Some patients with interstitial lung disease associated with con- nective tissue disorders are refractory to conventional ...

Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah 18.2 The clinical presentation of respiratory disease 3947 Samuel Kemp and Julian Hopkin ESSENTIALS Respiratory disease can present in many ways, with variations attrib- utable to many factors. The clinical presentation direc...

19.1 Joints and connective tissue— structure and function 4379 Thomas Pap, Adelheid Korb- Pap, Christine Hartmann, and Jessica Bertrand ESSENTIALS Synovial joints are complex functional elements of the vertebrate body that provide humans and animals with motio...

19.10 Crystal- related arthropathies 4482 Edward Roddy and Michael Doherty ESSENTIALS Many crystals have been associated with arthropathies or periarticular syndromes: only monosodium urate (gout), calcium pyrophosphate (acute calcium pyrophosphate crystal art...

19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides 4495

19.11.1 Introduction 4495 David A. Isenberg and Ian Giles CONTENTS 19.11.1 Introduction   4495 David A. Isenberg and Ian Giles 19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders   4499 Anisur Rahman and David A. Isenberg 19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis (...

19.11.10 Behçet’s syndrome 4579 Sebahattin Yurdakul, Izzet Fresko, and 19.11.10  Behçet’s syndrome 4579 immunosuppressants, both conventional and biologic, have been used in refractory cases. MAGIC syndrome: Mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage MAG...

19.11.11 Polymyalgia rheumatica 4584 Bhaskar Dasgupta and Eric L. Matteson section 19  Rheumatological disorders 4584 and canakinumab and tocilizumab have been used in limited case series with variable rates of success in refractory eye and CNS disease. Progno...

19.11.12 Kawasaki disease 4590 Brian W. McCrindle section 19  Rheumatological disorders 4590 Ghosh P, Borg FA, Dasgupta B (2010). Current understanding and management of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 6, 913–​28. Hutch...