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2.7 Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases 100 ESSENTIALS Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related molecules are increasingly used to treat immune-​mediated and inflamma- tory diseases. They interact very precisely with a sol...

2.8 Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine 108 ESSENTIALS Traditional (often synonymous with complementary) medicine can be defined as the knowledge, skill, and practices, based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to ...

2.9 Engaging patients in therapeutic development 118 ESSENTIALS Engagement of patients during the development of new treatments has evolved rapidly in the last decade. No longer should patients be viewed as passive subjects of research: they should be active p...

20.1 Skeletal disorders— general approach and conditions 4615 ESSENTIALS Bone is made up of (1) cells—​osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes; and (2) extracellular mineralized matrix—​roughly one-​third organic (90% type 1 collagen) and two-​thirds inorgani...

20.3 Osteomyelitis 4688 ESSENTIALS Bacteria can penetrate bone from a contiguous focus of infection (e.g. a diabetic foot ulcer or local injury) or by haematogenous spread. Osteomyelitis is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, β-​haemolytic streptoco...

20.4 Osteoporosis 4696 Nicholas C. Harvey, Juliet Compston, and ESSENTIALS Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and dis- ruption of bone architecture, resulting in increased bone fragility and fracture risk, with fractures of the distal ra...

20.6 Bone cancer 4709 Helen Hatcher ESSENTIALS Benign bone tumours are common, usually asymptomatic, and discovered incidentally. Malignant primary bone tumours are un- common but cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in adolescents and young...

Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers– Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum 4670 N.P. Burrows ESSENTIALS The inherited disorders of connective tissue are all conditions in which structural defects in collagen or other extra...

Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans 4703 ESSENTIALS Osteonecrosis Osteonecrosis is ischaemia of bone caused by a range of condi- tions, including trauma, which cause intravascular or extravascular obstruction of blood flow to bone. Ma...

21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus andthe kidney

21.10.10 Atherosclerotic renovascular disease 5044 Philip A. Kalra and Diana Vassallo

21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitis 4988 David Jayne

21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disorders 5001 Liz Lightstone and Hannah Beckwith 21.10.3  The kidney in rheumatological disorders 5001 Yates M, et al. (2016). EULAR/​ERA-​EDTA recommendations for the management of ANCA-​associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum ...

21.10.4 The kidney in sarcoidosis 5012 Ingeborg Hilderson and Jan Donck

21.10.6 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome 5027 Edwin K.S. Wong and David Kavanagh 21.10.6  Haemolytic uraemic syndrome 5027 D’Amico G (1998). Renal involvement in hepatitis C infection: cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int, 54, 650–​71. De Vita S, et al. ...

21.10.7 Sickle cell disease and the kidney 5032 Claire C. Sharpe section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 5032 Renal transplantation in HUS STEC-​HUS Patients with STEC-​HUS normally recover renal function, although a few individuals will progress...

21.10.8 Infection- associated nephropathies 5034 A. Neil Turner section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 5034 sickle haemoglobinopathies. This is highly aggressive, can occur in children as young as 2 years of age, and, so far, has proved to be un...

21.10.9 Malignancy- associated renal disease 5041 21.10.9  Malignancy-associated renal disease 5041 21.10.9  Malignancy-​associated renal disease A. Neil Turner ESSENTIALS Malignancies can affect the kidneys by direct invasion, meta- bolic and remote effects o...