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24.5.2 Narcolepsy 5882 Matthew C. Walker section 24  Neurological disorders 5882 Meador KJ, et al. (2013). Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cogni- tive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observa- tional study. Lancet Neurol, 12, 244–​52. ...

24.5.3 Sleep disorders 5886 Paul J. Reading section 24  Neurological disorders 5886 of narcolepsy). This is taken at night and acts as an anaesthetic, resulting in very deep sleep. Side effects include bed wetting and nausea, and, due to the large salt load, h...

24.5.4 Syncope 5896 Andrew J. Larner section 24  Neurological disorders 5896 FURTHER READING American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). The International Classi­ fication of Sleep Disorders, 3rd edition. AASM, Westchester, NY. Arnulf I, et al. (2005). Kleine–​...

24.5.5 The unconscious patient 5901 David Bates 24.5.5  The unconscious patient 5901 of mortality in patients with syncope. Specific treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, valvular, and other structural disorders may be re- quired. Cardiac pacing may be indicated fo...

24.5.6 Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness 5908 Ari Ercole, Peter J. Hutchinson, and John D. Pickard section 24  Neurological disorders 5908 Fisher CM (1969). The neurological examination of the comatose pa- tient. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl,...

24.6 Disorders of the special senses 5913 24.6.1 Visual pathways 5913 Sara Ajina and Christopher Kennard 24.6 Disorders of the special senses CONTENTS 24.6.1 Visual pathways  5913 Sara Ajina and Christopher Kennard 24.6.2 Eye movements and balance  5922 Mich...

24.6.2 Eye movements and balance 5922 Michael Strupp and Thomas Brandt section 24  Neurological disorders 5922 Kölmel HW (1993). Visual illusions and hallucinations. In: Kennard C (ed) Visual perceptual defects, pp. 243–​64. Baillière Tindall, London. Lehmann ...

24.6.3 Hearing loss 5931 Linda Luxon

24.7 Disorders of movement 5937 24.7.1 Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus 5937 Mark J. Edwards and Penelope Talelli 24.6.3  Hearing loss 5931 FURTHER READING Brandt T, Dieterich M, Strupp M (2013). Vertigo and dizziness—​ commo...

24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases 5946 Elisaveta Sokolov, Vinod K. Metta, and K. Ray Chaudhuri section 24  Neurological disorders 5946 24.7.2  Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases Elisaveta Sokolov, Vinod K. Metta, and K. Ray Chau...

24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease 5956 Bettina Balint and Kailash Bhatia section 24  Neurological disorders 5956 Nyholm D, et  al. (2003). Optimising levodopa pharmacokinetics: intestinal infusion versus oral sustained-​release tablets. ...

24.7.4 Ataxic disorders 5976 Nicholas Wood section 24  Neurological disorders 5976 Rippling muscle disease due to autosomal-​dominant caveolin-​3 mu- tations can give rise to a clinically similar picture, but differs in elec- tromyographic silence, despite mus...

24.8 Headache 5987 Peter J. Goadsby ESSENTIALS Headache is among the most common of human maladies. So much so that it is generally (and often incorrectly) assumed to be under- stood, especially by doctors. The classification of headache, with formal definitio...

24.9 Brainstem syndromes 6006 David Bates ESSENTIALS Brainstem syndromes typically cause ipsilateral cranial nerve lesions and contralateral long tract signs. They are commonly due to brain- stem ischaemia, but can also be caused by neoplasia, demyelination, i...

CONTENTS

David Hilton- Jones 24.19.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders 6334 David Hilton- Jones and Richard Edwards section 24  Neurological disorders 6334 Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) Despite the similarity in name, and overlapping clinical features, there should g...

ESSENTIALS SECTION 24  Neurological disorders 5802 Neuromuscular transmission disorders Myasthenia gravis and Lambert–​Eaton myasthenic syndrome are diagnosed by single-​fibre EMG (see previously) or repeti- tive stimulation of motor nerve. The studies are car...

Indications CONTENTS 24.3.1 Lumbar puncture  5781 R. Rhys Davies and Andrew J. Larner 24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems  5785 Christian Krarup 24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseases  5802 Andrew J. Molyneux, Shelley Ren...