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26.5.2 Dementia 6478 Bart Sheehan SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6478 26.5.2  Dementia Bart Sheehan ESSENTIALS Dementia is a clinical syndrome, not a specific disease. It is character- ized by impairment of mental functions leading to memor...

26.5.3 Organic psychoses 6482 Curtis McKnight and Jason Caplan SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6482 26.5.3  Organic psychoses Curtis McKnight and Jason Caplan ESSENTIALS A psychosis is a syndrome characterized by delusions and hallu- cinatio...

26.5.4 Alcohol misuse 6486 Jonathan Wood SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6486 Treponema pallidum infection have been increasing. Given this re- surgence, some recommend that patients with new onset psychosis should be screened. The human imm...

26.5.5 Substance misuse 6490 Stephen Potts SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6490 Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a commonly used drug, but is only mod- erately effective. It works by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase, which prevents the metabolism o...

26.5.6 Depressive disorder 6493 Joseph Cerimele and Lydia Chwastiak 26.5.6  Depressive disorder 6493 who then resume use on discharge, may re-​establish levels of tol- erance and vulnerability to withdrawal much faster than they ori- ginally did. For patients ...

26.5.7 Bipolar disorder 6498 Kate E.A. Saunders and John Geddes SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6498 FURTHER READING Archer J, et al. (2012). Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10, CD006525. K...

26.5.8 Anxiety disorders 6501 Ted Liao and Steve Epstein 26.5.8  Anxiety disorders 6501 Adjunctive psychotherapy may enhance remission from acute de- pressive episodes but is not helpful during mania because patients often reject help and lack insight into the...

26.5.9 Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post- traumatic stress disorder 6506 Jonathan I. Bisson SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6506 and panic (e.g. sertraline 200 mg daily). CBT for OCD is a specific modality—​gradual exposu...

26.6 Changing unhealthy behaviours 6524 26.6.1 Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption 6524 Amy O’Donnell, Eileen Kaner, and Nick Heather CONTENTS 26.6.1 Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption   6524 Amy O’Donnell, Eileen Kaner, a...

26.6.2 Obesity and weight management 6529 Susan Jebb and Paul Aveyard 26.6.2  Obesity and weight management 6529 26.6.2  Obesity and weight management Susan Jebb and Paul Aveyard ESSENTIALS Obesity is a major public health issue. It is common and a strong risk...

26.6.3 Smoking cessation 6533 Paul Aveyard 26.6.3  Smoking cessation 6533 with a BMI greater than 40 kg/​m2, may be referred for specialist review and considered for bariatric services. Several different surgical techniques are available, with losses ranging f...

Paul Aveyard 26.7 Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicine 6536 Michael Sharpe ESSENTIALS Psychiatry first developed as a separate medical specialty about 150 years ago when physicians were recruited to staff the new lunatic asylums. It later...

27.1 Forensic and legal medicine 6541 Jason Payne- James, Paul Marks, Ralph Bouhaidar, and Steven B. Karch ESSENTIALS Forensic and legal medicine focuses on the interaction between law and medicine. All medical practitioners should have knowledge about the bas...

28.1 Sport and exercise medicine 6565 Cathy Speed ESSENTIALS Physical activity through sport can promote health and well-​being but can result in injury, illness, or both. Understanding the patient, their ideas, expectations and concerns, their sporting goals,...

29.1 The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management 6577 Brian Shine and Nishan Guha ESSENTIALS Biochemistry, biochemical testing, and specialist biochemical prac- titioners have an important role in clinical practice in both diagnosis and manage...

3.1 The cell 209 ESSENTIALS The cell is a dynamic entity. Cells are not simply building blocks that are linked together to create an organism: each cell comprises a dy- namic network of interacting macromolecules. Just how dynamic has been brought home by rece...

3.2 The genomic basis of medicine 218 ESSENTIALS It is now possible to determine the entire DNA information content of living organisms—​the genome. The completion of the human ref- erence DNA sequence has provided an enormous tool for genomic analyses and has...

3.3 Cytokines 236 ESSENTIALS Cytokines are small glycoprotein mediators that are involved in every facet of immune effector function and regulation, and moreover serve to integrate immune function with other physiologic processes (e.g. metabolism, neurologic f...