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8.2.3 Nosocomial infections 669 8.2.3  Nosocomial infections 669 agent is rarely diagnostic as the spectrum generally involves more than a single microorganism. Moreover, fevers caused by infections, such as disseminated tuberculosis or culture-​negative endoc...

8.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host 673 8.2.4  Infection in the immunocompromised host 673 which produces large amounts of toxin due to the deletion of a regu- lator gene tcdC. C.  difficile-​associated diarrhoea delays discharge from hospital by abo...

8.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy 684 684 SECTION 8  Infectious diseases patients, measures including nursing them in single rooms and taking great care to avoid nosocomial acquisition of infection from staff, visitors, or other patients is simple but effective...

8.3 Immunization 706 ESSENTIALS Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ever developed: it prevents infectious diseases worldwide. Mechanism of effect—​the basis for the success of immunization is that the human immune system is able t...

8.4 Travel and expedition medicine 713 ESSENTIALS Tourists, business people, pilgrims, and visitors to friends and relatives are making increasing numbers of trips to tropical and developing parts of the world, where the risk and range of infectious and envir-...

8.5 Viruses 723

8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses 723 8.5 Viruses CONTENTS 8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses  723 Malik Peiris 8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–​Barr virus)  734 J.G.P. Sissons 8.5.3 Epstein–​Barr virus  754 Alan B. Rickinson and M.A. Epstein 8.5.4 Poxvi...

8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies- related lyssaviruses 805 8.5.10  Rhabdoviruses 805 diversity. In:  Desselberger U, Gray J (eds) Viral gastroenteritis, pp. 317–​44. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. Jones MK, et al. (2014). Enteric bacteria promote human an...

8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod- borne reoviruses 819 8.5.11  Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses 819 which are presumably vectors. It was isolated from a child with meningitis who recovered, and from another with fatal ence...

8.5.12 Alphaviruses 821 8.5.12  Alphaviruses 821 Kemerovo group Kemerovo group viruses have been isolated from ixodid and hyalomma ticks in Russia and Central Europe. They cause benign fe- brile illnesses and, occasionally, meningitis or encephalitis in spring...

8.5.13 Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella Pat Tookey and J.M. Best ESSENTIALS Rubella is caused by an enveloped RNA virus, for which humans are the only known host. Transmission is by airborne droplet spread, with infection seen predominantly in ...

8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue 830 830 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.14  Flaviviruses excluding dengue Shannan Lee Rossi and Nikos Vasilakis ESSENTIALS Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (see Chapter 8.5.15) are the most important and widespread ...

8.5.15 Dengue 845 8.5.15  Dengue 845 FURTHER READING Aliota MT, et al. (2017). Zika in the Americas, year 2: What have we learned, What gaps remain? A report from the Global Virus Network. Antivir Res, 144, 223–46. Barrows N, et al. (2016). Repurposed drug can...

8.5.16 Bunyaviridae 852 852 section 8  Infectious diseases Deen JL, et al. (2006). The WHO dengue classification and case defin- itions: time for a reassessment. Lancet, 368, 170–​3. Ferguson NM, et al. (2015). Modeling the impact on virus transmis- sion of Wo...

8.5.17 Arenaviruses 862 862 section 8  Infectious diseases Crimean–​Congo haemorrhagic fever Bente DA, et al. (2013). Crimean–​Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diver- sity. Antiviral Res, 100, 159–​89....

8.5.18 Filoviruses 870 870 section 8  Infectious diseases loss, which occurs in up to 30% of Lassa fever patients, was recently shown in a mouse model to be associated with mild damage to the cochlear cells and significant degeneration of the spiral ganglion c...

8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 8.5.19  Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 Prognosis The case fatality of filovirus infections is extremely high and possibly de- pendent on the infecting species, with up to 90% for Ebola virus Zaire and Mar...

8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein– Barr virus) 734 734 section 8  Infectious diseases Dowell SF (ed) (1998). Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents for pediatric upper respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics, 101 Suppl, 163–​84. Falsey AR, W...