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8.6.26 Tuberculosis 1126 section 8  Infectious diseases 1126 raw meat, and can be carried by flies. The distribution of enterotoxin-​ producing strains may be more restricted. However, surface con- tamination of meat with C. perfringens is common and subsequen...

8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria 1150 section 8  Infectious diseases 1150 8.6.27  Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria Jakko van Ingen ESSENTIALS Introduction—​there are over 130 species of mycobacteria; species other than M.  tuberc...

8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 1154 section 8  Infectious diseases 1154 little evidence to support these regimens and expert consultation should be sought. For M. chelonae, tobramycin or imipenem can be combined with a macrolide, with macrolide-​fluoroquino...

8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection 1167 1167 8.6.29  Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection arguments illustrate the difficulty in providing sound evidence for policy decisions when a decade-​long wait to establish relapse rates is n...

8.6.3 Pneumococcal infections 975 8.6.3  Pneumococcal infections 975 Murray BE (1990). The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev, 3, 46–​65. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2003). Green Top Guideline 36. Prevention of early ...

8.6.30 Actinomycoses 1170 section 8  Infectious diseases 1170 Meyers WM (1995). Mycobacterial infections of the skin. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (eds) Tropical pathology, pp. 291–​377. Springer, Berlin. Meyers WM, et al. (2011). Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (B...

8.6.31 Nocardiosis 1176 section 8  Infectious diseases 1176 the lacrimal concretions that are usually present and local applica- tion of antimicrobials always result in prompt cure. Trueperella pyogenes (formerly Arcanobacterium, Actinomyces, or Corynebacteriu...

8.6.32 Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection) 1179

8.6.33 Lyme borreliosis 1181 SECTION 1 Patients and their treatment Section editors: John D. Firth, Christopher P. Conlon, and Timothy M. Cox 1.1 On being a patient  3 Christopher Booth 1.2 A young person’s experience of chronic disease  6 Anonymous 1.3 Wha...

8.6.34 Relapsing fevers 1188 section 8  Infectious diseases 1188 8.6.34  Relapsing fevers David A. Warrell ESSENTIALS Louse-​borne relapsing fever and tick-​borne relapsing fever are char- acterized by repeated episodes of high fever separated by afebrile peri...

8.6.35 Leptospirosis 1198 section 8  Infectious diseases 1198 8.6.35  Leptospirosis Nicholas P.J. Day ESSENTIALS Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a bacterial zoonosis with a worldwide impact on human and animal health...

8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta 1204 section 8  Infectious diseases 1204 associated with jaundice (median reported mortality 19.1%, range 0–​39.7%), renal failure (12.1%, range 0–​25%) and age over 60 years ...

8.6.37 Syphilis 1210 section 8  Infectious diseases 1210 Lower doses are used compared to syphilis, with a recommended dose of 0.6 MU for children under 10 years and 1.2 MU for older children and adults. Treatment failure has been rarely reported fol- lowing t...

8.6.38 Listeriosis 1223 8.6.38  Listeriosis 1223 8.6.38  Listeriosis Herbert Hof ESSENTIALS Listeriosis is caused by the Gram-​positive bacillus Listeria monocytogenes, whose natural habitat is the soil. Consumption of soft cheeses, other dairy products, meat ...

8.6.39 Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease 1226 section 8  Infectious diseases 1226 Although the therapeutic value of moxifloxacin has not yet been assessed in human listeriosis, it can be deduced from cell culture ex- periments as well as from animal expe...

8.6.4 Staphylococci 991 8.6.4  Staphylococci 991 Weisfelt M, et al. (2006). Pneumococcal meningitis in adults: new approaches to management and prevention. Lancet Neurol, 5, 332–​42. Werno AM, Murdoch DR (2008). Laboratory diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal di...

8.6.40 Rickettsioses 1230 section 8  Infectious diseases 1230 8.6.40  Rickettsioses Karolina Griffiths, Carole Eldin, Didier Raoult, and Philippe Parola ESSENTIALS Rickettsioses are zoonoses caused by obligate Gram-​negative intra- cellular bacteria of the ord...

8.6.41 Scrub typhus 1252 section 8  Infectious diseases 1252 8.6.41  Scrub typhus Daniel H. Paris and Nicholas P.J. Day ESSENTIALS Orientia spp. are obligate intracellular Gram-​negative bacteria that cause scrub typhus, historically known as ‘tsutsugamushi di...