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8.7.7 Microsporidiosis 1378 section 8  Infectious diseases 1378 treatment is amphotericin B 0.6 mg/​kg per day intravenously for 2 weeks, followed by itraconazole 400 mg/​day orally for 10 weeks. Patients with less severe disease can be initially treated with ...

8.8 Protozoa 1384

8.8.1 Amoebic infections 1384 8.8 Protozoa CONTENTS 8.8.1 Amoebic infections  1384 Richard Knight 8.8.2 Malaria  1395 Nicholas J. White and Arjen M. Dondorp 8.8.3 Babesiosis  1414  Philippe Brasseur 8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis  1416 Oliver Liesenfeld and Eskild Pe...

8.8.10 Blastocystis infection 1449 1449 concurrent malignant disease (including chronic lymphocytic leu- kaemia and anal cancer). Furthermore, rare case reports have also suggested that B. coli can be associated with osteomyelitis of the cer- vical spine, and ...

8.8.11 Human African trypanosomiasis 1451 8.8.11  Human African trypanosomiasis 1451 Clinical features and treatment A non​invasive diarrhoeal illness lasting from 3 to 10 days is attrib- uted to this organism, sometimes symptoms continue for weeks or months. ...

8.8.12 Chagas disease 1459 8.8.12  Chagas disease 1459 New drug candidates Fexinidazole, a 5-​nitroimidazole, was rediscovered by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) after having reviewed over 700 nitroheterocyclic compounds. The molecule was ab...

8.8.13 Leishmaniasis 1467 8.8.13  Leishmaniasis 1467 to divide in the blood, possibly in sequestered sites. Trypomastigotes are rarely seen in human blood: they are much larger than T. cruzi, with a small subterminal kinetoplast (Fig. 8.8.12.10). Antibodies to...

8.8.14 Trichomoniasis 1475 8.8.14  Trichomoniasis 1475 Africa with pentavalent antimonials for 30–​60 days or liposomal amphotericin B for 20 days. Supportive treatment Intercurrent infection must be sought and treated, and nutritional deficiencies corrected. ...

8.8.2 Malaria 1395 8.8.2  Malaria 1395 Shirley DA, Moonah S (2016). Fulminant amoebic colitis after cortico- steroid therapy: a review. PLos Negl Trop Dis, 10, e0004879. Entamoeba gingivalis and Dientamoeba fragilis Bonner M, et al. (2014). Detection of the am...

8.8.3 Babesiosis 1414 section 8  Infectious diseases 1414 sensitivity. When there is uncertainty, drugs effective against re- sistant P.  falciparum should be used (atovaquone–​proguanil, or doxycycline). Chemoprophylaxis is never entirely reliable, and mal- a...

8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis 1416 section 8  Infectious diseases 1416 and quinine or clindamycin alone reduces parasitaemia and pre- vents extensive haemolysis and renal failure. Exchange transfu- sion should be used in fulminating B. divergens cases. Imidocarb dipropi...

8.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis 1424 section 8  Infectious diseases 1424 Robert-​Gagneux S, Balas F (2016). Molecular diagnosis of toxo- plasmosis in immunocompromised hosts. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 29, 330–​9. Saeij JP, et al. (2006). Polymorphic se...

8.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis 1432 section 8  Infectious diseases 1432 Control of transmission Primary control is by limiting the opportunity for faecal–​oral trans- mission, both direct and indirect. Symptom-​free subjects not in con- tact with immunoco...

8.8.7 Cystoisosporiasis 1436 section 8  Infectious diseases 1436 Prevention As with all other organisms dependent on faecal–​oral transmission, simple precautions will help prevent infection with C. cayetanensis. Water should be boiled before drinking or when ...

8.8.8 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis) 1438 section 8  Infectious diseases 1438 Polymerase chain reaction assays have been able to identify infec- tions that were negative by traditional stool microscopy. Treatment and prognosis The drug of choice for the trea...

8.8.9 Giardiasis and balantidiasis 1440 section 8  Infectious diseases 1440 Treatment There is no specific therapy for sarcocystosis in humans or ani- mals, although various compounds, including albendazole, metronidazole, cotrimoxazole, and corticosteroids, h...

8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) 1478

8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis 1478 8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) CONTENTS 8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis  1478 Gilbert Burnham 8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis  1487 Richard Knight 8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis)  1495 Richard Knight 8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hoo...