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8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis 1487 8.9.2  Lymphatic filariasis 1487 Gillette-​Ferguson I, et al. (2006). Wolbachia-​ and Onchocerca volvulus-​ induced keratitis (river blindness) is dependent on myeloid differen- tiation factor 88. Infect Immun, 74, 2442–​5. Hopk...

8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495 8.9.3  Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495 of adult worms, both within and between individuals. For tropical pulmonary eosinophilia a full 21 days of treatment is indicated, and may need to be repeated. Dox...

8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes 1500 section 8  Infectious diseases 1550 and oesophageal varices. Previous episodes of haematemesis indi- cate a 70% risk of rebleeding. Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium m...

8.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion 1506 section 8  Infectious diseases 1506 worldwide may partly be a result of reduced exposure to the im- munosuppressive effects of helminths, and lead to concerns that mass deworming may have detr...

8.9.6 Angiostrongyliasis 1516 section 8  Infectious diseases 1516 Uncommon intestinal or tissue nematode infections From time to time a patient may be encountered who harbours an un- usual nematode. Some of these organisms are free-​living parasites and the pa...

9.1 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections 1589 ESSENTIALS Although accurate incidence figures are not available in most coun- tries, sexually transmitted infections are a large cause of morbidity worldwide. The burden falls especially heavily on wome...

9.2 Sexual behaviour 1597 ESSENTIALS Discussion of sexual lifestyle and the ability to take a sexual history are relevant to many types of clinical practice. Most of the popula- tion is attracted to, and has sex, exclusively with people of the op- posite sex. ...

9.3 Sexual history and examination 1600 ESSENTIALS Sexually transmitted infections are common, especially in young people, and it is important that doctors recognize both the need to obtain a sexual history and when to perform genital examination. Sexually tra...

9.4 Vaginal discharge 1603 ESSENTIALS Vaginal symptoms are a frequent source of discomfort and distress for many women. Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis are considered the most common causes in pre- menopausal women, but atroph...

9.5 Urethritis 1606 ESSENTIALS Urethritis is defined as detectable urethral inflammation in the pres- ence of symptoms or an observable urethral discharge. It is con- ventionally classified into gonococcal urethritis (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and non​g...

9.6 Genital ulceration 1610 ESSENTIALS Genital ulceration can be caused by many common and rare sexu- ally transmitted infections, dermatological conditions, and trauma. Key to making a specific diagnosis that will direct treatment is a standard sexual and tra...

9.7 Anogenital lumps and bumps 1613 ESSENTIALS Anogenital lesions can be due to sexually transmitted infections, physiological variants that worry the patient, or dermatological conditions unrelated to infection. The clinical diagnostic approach is based on th...

9.8 Pelvic inflammatory disease 1622 ESSENTIALS Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the endometrium, fallopian tubes and adnexae caused by a wide variety of bacteria, including Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and ...

9.9 Principles of contraception 1626 9.9 Principles of contraception Zara Haider ESSENTIALS A wide range of contraceptive methods is available (increasing year on year), which can be classified as hormonal or non​hormonal, shorter or longer lasting, and revers...

Contents Contents Volume 1 List of abbreviations  xxxv List of contributors  xlv SECTION 1 Patients and their treatment Section editors: John D. Firth, Christopher P. Conlon, and Timothy M. Cox 1.1 On being a patient  3 Christopher Booth† 1.2 A young person...

Copyright 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxfor...

Foreword Foreword Professor Sir John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford In 1983, David Weatherall, John Ledingham, and David Warrell launched the first edition of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine. That era of medicine looked entirely diffe...

List of abbreviations Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine AAA acquired aplastic anaemia AAFB acid-​ and alcohol-​fast bacilli AASLD American Association for the St...