Search Results

Diagnostic aids Diagnostic aids include radiography , CT , MRI, ultrasonogra phy and, less commonly , tomography and orbital venography . Diagnostic aids Diagnostic aids include radiography , CT , MRI, ultrasonogra phy and, less commonly , tomography and orbit...

FURTHER READING Denniston A, Murray P . Oxford handbook of ophthalmology , 4th edn. Ox - ford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Friedman NJ, Kaiser PJ, Trattler WB. Review of ophthalmology , 3rd edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2017. Jackson TL. Moorfields manual of ...

INJURIES INVOL VING THE EYE AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES Corneal abrasions and ulceration The cornea is frequently damaged by direct trauma or by foreign bodies ( Figure 49.16 ). Ulceration can occur with infection, exposure (for example in severely ill patients wi...

INJURIES INVOL VING THE EYE AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES Corneal abrasions and ulceration The cornea is frequently damaged by direct trauma or by foreign bodies ( Figure 49.16 ). Ulceration can occur with infection, exposure (for example in severely ill patients wi...

INTRAOCULAR TUMOURS Children Retinoblastoma, the most common ocular malignancy of childhood, is a malignant tumour of the retina that can be bilateral in around one-third of cases. Half of cases are heredi tary (autosomal dominant) and are due to mutation o...

Incision and curettage of chalazion (meibomian cyst) The lid margin is everted to allow the application of a meibomian clamp. The ring of the clamp is placed on the incision is made with a small blade in the axis of the gland. The herniating granulomatous t...

Incision and curettage of chalazion (meibomian cyst) The lid margin is everted to allow the application of a meibomian clamp. The ring of the clamp is placed on the incision is made with a small blade in the axis of the gland. The herniating granulomatous t...

Intraocular foreign bodies Intraocular foreign bodies must always be excluded when patients attend the accident and emergency department with an eye injury and a history of working with a hammer and chisel or a history of a potentially high-velocity injury ....

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

LASERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY Blue-green lasers (argon or frequency-doubled YAG) or diode lasers are used to treat the retina in diabetic retinopathy (pan-retinal photocoagulation for proliferative disease or focal treatment for leaky microaneurysms) and may also be...

Lacrimal system The almond-shaped lacrimal gland lies under the upper outer orbital rim and opens into the upper conjunctival fornix through 10–15 ducts. Tears are swept across the globe by the lids and evaporate or pass into the upper and lower lid puncta, an...

Learning objectives To understand and appreciate: The anatomy of the eye and orbit • The common ocular disorders and their symptoms and • speci /f_i c signs Learning objectives To understand and appreciate: The anatomy of the eye and orbit • The common ocular ...

Neurofibromatosis Neurofibromatosis may also produce swellings above the eye. The diagnosis can usually be confirmed by an examination of the whole body , as there are often multiple lesions. Proptosis can also result ( Figure 49.3 ). Other ophthalmic features ma...

OCULAR ANATOMY Adnexae The lids comprise skin, connective tissue, the orbicularis oculi (cranial nerve VII) and the tarsal plate, with multiple meibomian glands opening posterior to the lashes and lined with conjunctiva, which is reflected onto the sclera. The ...

Orbit The orbit is four-sided and pyramidal in structure, housing the globe, optic nerve, the four rectus and two oblique muscles, the lacrimal gland, orbital fat, the cranial nerves III–VI, the ophthalmic artery with its tributaries and the ophthalmic veins, ...

Orbital swellings Orbital swellings result in displacement of the globe and limitation of movement. A full description of orbital swellings is outside the realm of this text, but some of the most common causes include the following. /uni25CF Pseudoproptos...

Other lid swellings Other types of lid swelling are less common. They include squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, sebaceous cyst, papilloma, keratoacanthoma, cyst of Moll (sweat glands) ( Figure 49.6 ) or Zeis (sebaceous glands) and molluscum con...

PERIORBITAL AND ORBITAL SWELLINGS Swellings related to the supraorbital margin Dermoid cysts Dermoid cysts are benign congenital choristomas of the orbit that originate from fetal bone suture lines during development, most commonly the frontozygomatic suture ...