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Retractile testes A retractile testis is palpable in the groin and can be brought into the scrotum but promptly returns to the groin. Retractile testes are common in infants and most eventually settle in the scrotum; follow-up is needed because some permanentl...

Torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis The appendix testis (hydatid of Morgagni) is a remnant of the Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct, whereas the appendix epididymis is a Wol ffi an (mesonephric) remnant. Both are Giovanni Battista Morgagni , 1...

Torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis The appendix testis (hydatid of Morgagni) is a remnant of the Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct, whereas the appendix epididymis is a Wol ffi an (mesonephric) remnant. Both are Giovanni Battista Morgagni , 1...

Undescended testes A normally descended testis reaches the scrotal floor with a good cord length above it and remains there. Testicular descent is usually complete by the 30th week of gestation. At birth, 4% of full-term and 30% of premature boys have an und...

ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTION Principles Antimicrobials may be used to prevent or treat established surgical infection. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of established surgi - cal infection ideally requires recognition and determinati...

ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTION Principles Antimicrobials may be used to prevent or treat established surgical infection. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of established surgi - cal infection ideally requires recognition and determinati...

Discovery of antibiotics The concept of a ‘magic bullet’ ( Zauberkugel ) that could kill microbes but not their host became a reality with the discovery Figure 5.1 Louis Pasteur , 1822–1895, French chemist, bacteriologist and immunologist, Professor of Chemi...

FURTHER READING Fraise AP , Bradley C. Ayli ff e’s control of healthcare associated infection: a practical handbook. London: Hodder Arnold, 2009. Fry DE. Surgical infections. London: JP Medical Ltd, 2013. Sawyer RG, Hedrick TL. Surgical infections, an issue of...

HISTORY OF SURGICAL INFECTION Background Surgical infections have always been a major complication related to surgery and trauma and have been documented for 4000–5000 years. Egyptians popularised some concepts about infection, as they were able to prevent put...

INFECTION Preoperative preparation A short preoperative hospital stay lowers the risk of acquiring MRSA, multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and other antibiotic-resistant organisms from the hospital environment. Medical and nursing sta ff sho...

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Koch’s postulates An understanding of the causes of infection came in the nine - teenth century . Microbes had been seen under the microscope, but Koch laid down the first definition of infective disease (Koch’s postula tes; see Summary box 5.1 ). The Austria...

Learning objectives To understand: The characteristics of the common surgical pathogens • and their sensitivities The factors that determine whether a wound will become • infected The classi /f_i cation of sources of infection and their severity • The clinical...

MICROBIOLOGY OF SURGICAL INFECTION Common bacteria involved in surgical infections Streptococci Streptococci form chains and are Gram positive on staining ( Figure 5.2a ). The most important is the β -haemolytic Streptococcus , which resides in the pharynx of ...

MICROBIOLOGY OF SURGICAL INFECTION Common bacteria involved in surgical infections Streptococci Streptococci form chains and are Gram positive on staining ( Figure 5.2a ). The most important is the β -haemolytic Streptococcus , which resides in the pharynx of ...

Misuse of antibiotic therapy with the risk of resistance Many staphylococci today have become resistant to penicillin. Often bacteria develop resistance through the acquisition of β -lactamases, which break up the β -lactam ring present in the molecular struct...

Misuse of antibiotic therapy with the risk of resistance Many staphylococci today have become resistant to penicillin. Often bacteria develop resistance through the acquisition of β -lactamases, which break up the β -lactam ring present in the molecular struct...

PRESENTATION OF SURGICAL INFECTION Major and minor surgical site infection (SSI) Infection acquired from the environment or the sta ff following surgery or admission to hospital is termed hospital-acquired infection (HAI). There are four main groups: respirator...