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Uterovaginal prolapse Pelvic organ prolapse refers to the protrusion or displacement of the pelv...

TUMOURS Benign ovarian tumours and cysts Overall, 90% of ovarian tumours are benign, with an inc...

UROGYNAECOLOGY Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary leakage of...

Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) Fibroids are usually benign, well-circumscribed, smooth muscle tumour...

Mesh In the UK, mesh-related surgery is considered to be a high-vigilance operation, whereby use ...

Morcellation This is the process whereby larger tissue is broken down into smaller pieces, facili...

Ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in women, behind breast, lung, ...

FURTHER READING British Association for Sexual Health and HIV . UK national guideline for the ma...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Learning objectives To understand: Pelvic anatomy • Early pregnancy complications (ectopic pregna...

CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN Endometriosis Endometriosis is a common inflammatory condition and is diagn...

EARL Y PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

Ectopic pregnancy An ectopic pregnancy refers to a pregnancy that grows outside of the uterine c...

ANATOMY The reproductive structures of the dividing embryo di ff eren tiate after the seventh wee...

Adenomyosis Adenomyosis is a benign uterine disorder characterised by the presence of ectopic en...

Adnexal torsion An adnexal torsion is commonly the result of an ovary , and occasionally a fallop...

ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING IN THE NON-PREGNANT STATE Bleeding in the non-pregnant state may occur ...

ACUTE ABDOMEN Abdominal pain is one of the most challenging presenting complaints in the emergen...

VARICOCELE De�nition A varicocele is an abnormal dilatation and enlargement of the scrotal ven...

Varicoceles and infertility Varicoceles are present in 10–20% of adult men and in over 25% of me...