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Lymphatic drainage The lymphatics of the rectal mucosa communicate freely with those of the mus...

Internal rectal prolapse and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome Internal rectal prolapse, or intussus...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Investigation Abdominal examination Abdominal examination is normal in early cases. Occasionally ...

Gonococcal proctitis Gonococcal proctitis occurs in both sexes as the result of rectal coitus an...

Haemangioma Haemangioma of the rectum is an uncommon cause of serious haemorrhage. The symptoms...

INJURIES The rectum or anal canal may be injured in a number of ways, all of which are uncommon...

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE RECTUM The variety of foreign bodies that have found their way into the rec...

Full-thickness prolapse Complete rectal prolapse (synonym: procidentia) is less common than the m...

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour Smooth muscle tumours of the rectum are rare. If the mitotic rate...

Diagnosis The anus should be inspected and the abdomen palpated. If abdominal rigidity or tendern...

Differential diagnosis Many colorectal lesions can give rise to diagnostic di ffi culty . For examp...

Endoluminal stenting An increasingly used alternative for patients with an obstruct - ing carcino...

Blood supply The superior rectal artery is the direct continuation of the inferior mesenteric ar...

CLINICAL FEATURES OF RECTAL DISEASE Symptoms Rectal diseases are common and can occur at any age....

Clinical features Carcinoma of the rectum can occur early in life, but the age of presentation ...

ANATOMY Surgical anatomy The rectum begins where the tinea coli of the sigmoid colon join to for...

BENIGN RECTAL LESIONS Endometrioma Endometrioma is rare and may be misdiagnosed as a carcinoma. T...

Treatment of recurrent intestinal obstruction caused by adhesions Several procedures may be consi...

Treatment of sigmoid volvulus Flexible sigmoidoscopy or rigid sigmoidoscopy and insertion of a fla...