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Endoscopy Colonoscopic examination may be normal or show patchy eal inflammation. Characteristical...

Clinical features The clinical presentation depends on the pattern of disease. Occasionally , CD...

Colonic Crohn’s disease Colonic involvement is found in 30% of patients with CD, frequently in a...

Duodenal Crohn’s disease The duodenum is an uncommon site for CD and involvement is more commonly...

CLASSIFICATION OF SEVERITY The assessment of the severity of colitis is determined by the - fre...

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS The clinical manifestations of IBD primarily depend on the diagnosis (ei...

CROHN’S DISEASE (REGIONAL ENTERITIS) Chronic inflammatory disease of the ileum, possibly first rec...

Aetiology The aetiology of CD remains incompletely understood but is thought to involve a complex...

Bacteriology A stool specimen should be sent for microbiological analysis when UC is suspected in...

CANCER RISK IN COLITIS The risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis increases with duration of dise...

A C U T E C O L I T I S Approximately 5% of patients present with acute severe (fulminant) coli...

Acute severe colitis Patients with a mild attack usually respond to a course of oral prednisolon...

Ye r s i n i a Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative rod that can infect the terminal ileum,...

TUMOURS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE Small bowel tumours are rare and in total account for less than 10...

Tuberculosis of the intestine Tuberculosis, like CD, can a ff ect any part of the gastrointestina...

VASCULAR ANOMALIES OF THE INTESTINE Mesenteric ischaemia Mesenteric vascular disease may be class...

SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME/ INTESTINAL FAILURE Intractable diarrhoea with impaired absorption of nutri...

STOMAS A stoma is an artificial opening made in the bowel to divert faeces and flatus outside the a...

Stoma bags and appliances Stoma output is collected in a disposable adhesive bag. Ileostomy appli...

Learning objectives To appreciate: The basic anatomy and physiology of the small intestine intest...