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Clinical signs Depending on the severity of liver dysfunction, the aetiology and acute or chroni...

Biopsy of liver lesions Liver biopsy is generally considered a safe procedure but is not without ...

Blood loss and transfusion The reduction of blood loss during liver surgery has developed such t...

Budd–Chiari syndrome The Budd–Chiari syndrome a ff ects 1/1 /uni00A0 000 /uni00A0 000 adults and i...

Acute liver failure Causes of acute liver failure Acute liver failure is the development of sudd...

Ascites Accumulation of ascites is a common feature of advanced liver disease irrespective of ...

Benign tumours A number of pathologies produce focal liver lesions, and the three most common be...

ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE Liver blood tests The liver performs a myriad of biochemical, me...

ANATOMY OF THE LIVER Embryology Liver development begins at 3–4 weeks’ gestation when a hepatic f...

Ablation for liver tumours Ablative therapies destroy tumour by the direct application of energy ...

The common operations According to the IFSO Global Registry , in 2018 sleeve gastrec - tomy const...

RATIONALE Bariatric surgery leads to weight loss of 25–35% of body weight (usually at least 15 ...

Randomised controlled trial evidence for the different types of surgery Some evidence suggests th...

Rationale for surgery Owing to the tendency for basal metabolic rate to decrease with dietary cal...

METABOLIC SURGERY The phrases ‘metabolic’ or ‘diabetes’ surgery are increasingly being used in co...

Outcomes reported There is wide variation in how surgeons report the results of surgery , which ...

PRINCIPLES OF SETTING UP A BARIATRIC/METABOLIC SURGERY SERVICE As for gastrointestinal cancer sur...

INTRODUCTION Obesity is becoming the plague of the twenty-first century . With overweight becomin...

Laparoscopic surgery and enhanced recovery Bariatric surgery has been transformed by its amenabil...

Learning objectives To know and understand: How to treat obesity as a disease • Rationale for sur...