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GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE Aetiology GORD is defined by the ‘Montreal definition’ as a condi...

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Endoscopy Endoscopy is an essential tool with both diagnostic and thera - peutic roles. A standar...

Endosonography Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) relies on a high-frequency (5–30 /uni00A0 MHz) tr...

FOREIGN BODIES IN OESOPHAGUS Swallowed foreign bodies are common and tend to impact at the three ...

Disease staging Careful disease staging is essential to guide therapy . Current staging classifica...

EOSINOPHILIC OESOPHAGITIS EOO is defined as a chronic, immune/antigen-mediated oesophageal diseas...

Endoluminal functional lumen imaging planimetry Endoluminal functional lumen imaging planimetry (...

Clinical features Symptoms of GORD can be classified into oesophageal or extraoesophageal. Typica...

Complex gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Peptic strictures and dilatation Reflux-induced stricture...

Diagnosis In most cases, the diagnosis is assumed rather than proven, and treatment is empirical....

Benign pathologies Benign epithelial lesions include papillomas, fibrovascular polyps, glycogen ac...

CARCINOMA OF THE OESOPHAGUS Epidemiology Oesophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worl...

CAUSTIC INJURY Caustic injury to the oesophagus can be mild, but also is - potentially lethal. Mo...

Aetiology Iatrogenic perforation secondary to endoscopic procedures such as dilatation of strict...

Ambulatory reflux and combined pH– impedance monitoring Ambulatory reflux monitoring is considered ...

BARRETT’S OESOPHAGUS Diagnosis and definitions Barrett’s oesophagus is a known complication of GO...

APPLIED SURGICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The oesophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx ...

Achalasia Pathology and aetiology The term achalasia originated from the Greek word ‘khalasis’, m...

VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES OF THE MESENTERY Acute mesenteric ischaemia ). The arterial inflow to the ...