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Acrocyanosis Acrocyanosis may be confused with Raynaud’s disease but it is painless and not episo...

ANEURYSM General Dilatations of localised segments of the arterial system are called aneurysms ...

ARTERIAL STENOSIS AND OCCLUSION Cause and effect Peripheral arterial stenosis or occlusion is pre...

ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA Communication between an artery and a vein may be either a congenital malfo...

ARTERITIS AND VASOSPASTIC CONDITIONS Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) This is chara...

AMPUTATION General Amputation should be considered when part of a limb is dead, deadly or a dead ...

THE MEDIASTINUM The mediastinum refers to the central area in the chest between the thoracic inle...

Treatment Removal of the bronchiectatic part of the lung for bleeding, recurrent infection or ...

Tuberculosis Surgery is rarely indicated for tuberculosis in resource-rich countries but, when it...

Surgical management of pleural effusions and infections Thoracoscopy or video-assisted thoracosco...

Surgical management of pneumothorax Pleurectomy and pleurodesis Surgery for pneumothorax can be p...

THE DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is the fibromuscular structure separating the thorax from the abdomen.

Risk of perioperative myocardial event History , physical examination and resting electrocardiogr...

Risk of postoperative dyspnoea Any patient undergoing general anaesthesia requires some assessmen...

Surgical approach to lung cancer resection Thoracotomy Although the most frequent indication for ...

Primary tumours of the mediastinum Thymoma, neurogenic tumours, germ cell tumours and lymphoma ar...

Pulmonary sequestration This describes a section of non-functional lung separated from the norma...

Risk of operative mortality The Thoracic Surgery Scoring System (Thoracoscore) is the most widely...

Other diseases of the chest wall Congenital abnormalities are often incidental findings on chest ...

Pleural effusion Pleural e ff usion can be readily understood with reference to the physiological ...