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Subconjunctival haemorrhage This presents as a bright red eye, often noticed incidentally with on...

Swellings of the lacrimal system Lacrimal sac mucocele This occurs from obstruction of the lacri...

Penetrating eye injuries These occur when the globe is penetrated, often in road tra ffi c and othe...

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EYE SURGERY In the last three decades, eye surgery has become a micro surg...

SURGICAL PROCEDURES Excision of an eyeball/enucleation Indications include a blind, painful eye, ...

Other lid swellings Other types of lid swelling are less common. They include squamous cell carc...

PERIORBITAL AND ORBITAL SWELLINGS Swellings related to the supraorbital margin Dermoid cysts Derm...

PERIORBITAL AND ORBITAL SWELLINGS Swellings related to the supraorbital margin Dermoid cysts Derm...

Neurofibromatosis Neurofibromatosis may also produce swellings above the eye. The diagnosis can usu...

OCULAR ANATOMY Adnexae The lids comprise skin, connective tissue, the orbicularis oculi (cranial ...

Orbit The orbit is four-sided and pyramidal in structure, housing the globe, optic nerve, the fou...

Orbital swellings Orbital swellings result in displacement of the globe and limitation of movem...

LASERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY Blue-green lasers (argon or frequency-doubled YAG) or diode lasers are us...

Lacrimal system The almond-shaped lacrimal gland lies under the upper outer orbital rim and opens...

Learning objectives To understand and appreciate: The anatomy of the eye and orbit • The common o...

Incision and curettage of chalazion (meibomian cyst) The lid margin is everted to allow the appli...

Intraocular foreign bodies Intraocular foreign bodies must always be excluded when patients atten...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

INJURIES INVOL VING THE EYE AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES Corneal abrasions and ulceration The cornea i...

INTRAOCULAR TUMOURS Children Retinoblastoma, the most common ocular malignancy of childhood, is a...