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Incision and curettage of chalazion (meibomian cyst) The lid margin is everted to allow the appli...

Diagnostic aids Diagnostic aids include radiography , CT , MRI, ultrasonogra phy and, less common...

FURTHER READING Denniston A, Murray P . Oxford handbook of ophthalmology , 4th edn. Ox - ford: O...

INJURIES INVOL VING THE EYE AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES Corneal abrasions and ulceration The cornea i...

Conjunctivitis Symptoms are grittiness, redness and discharge. Causes are infective, chemical, al...

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE ACUTE RED EYE This is important in the management of minor ocular ...

Blunt injuries to the eye and orbit The floor of the orbit is its weakest wall and in blunt traum...

Blunt ocular injuries Blunt injuries to the eye can give rise to several problems, which include ...

Burns Radiation burns Corneal injury may occur after exposure to ultraviolet radia - tion, for ex...

Acute angle closure This usually occurs in older, often hypermetropic, patients. The prevalence i...

Adults Malignant melanoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of the eye and originates ...

Vestibular schwannoma These are nerve sheath tumours arising in the cerebellopontine - angle ( Fi...

Treatment of hydrocephalus Acute obstructive hydrocephalus is an emergency because of the risk of...

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) represents haematoge...

VASCULAR NEUROSURGERY Subarachnoid haemorrhage ‘Spontaneous’ SAH is usually the result of bleedi...

Spina bifida occulta A congenital absence of a spinous process, without exposure of meninges or n...

Subdural empyema Subdural empyema refers to an infected fluid collection in the subdural space. Th...

Surgical/interventional management Aneurysms may be removed from the circulation surgically by cr...

Presentation Most tumours present with one or more features belonging - to three cardinal categor...

RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE The importance of intracranial pressure (ICP) management in the con...