Search Results

BLADDER STONES Bladder stones account for 5% of all urinary tract stone disease. They can be classified as primary (without underlying urinary tract pathology) or secondary (due to underlying renal tract pathology). Primary bladder stones are commonly seen in ...

BLADDER TRAUMA Bladder trauma can be classified as iatrogenic or non-iatrogenic (blunt or penetrating). Of non-iatrogenic causes, abdominal trauma and pelvic fracture are the most common, with blad der injury reported in 10% of cases. Iatrogenic injury is mos...

Bladder exstrophy Bladder exstrophy is a congenital disorder in which failure of development of the lower abdominal wall leads to an abdominal wall defect through which the bladder is exposed ( Figure 83.9 ). Diastasis of the pubic symphysis and an Hermann ...

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic condition char acterised by pelvic pain or pressure that is perceived to be originating from the bladder, accompanied by one or more urinary symptoms, including frequency , ur...

Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that consists of three principal layers: lamina propria, smooth muscle and urothelium. The lamina propria contains a rich plexus of vessels, nerves and lymphatics. The detrusor is made up of a complex ha...

CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE BLADDER Chronic inflammatory conditions of the bladder are of multi factorial aetiology but present with a similar clinical picture of urinary frequency , urgency and pain, with or without haematuria ( Table 83.14 ). Th...

CONGENITAL BLADDER ANOMALIES Most congenital bladder anomalies can be detected on antena - - tal ultrasound after 10–13 weeks’ gestation, when the bladder should be visualised in the majority of cases.

Catheterisation The immediate treatment for urinary retention of any cause is urethral catheterisation. Other indications for catheterisa - tion are shown in Table 83.10 . In chronic urinary retention, patients may have a postobstructive diuresis producing >2...

Classification Bladder injuries can be either extraperitoneal (the peritoneum is intact and urine extravasates into the retropubic space but not into the peritoneal cavity), intraperitoneal (the peritoneum over the bladder is injured and urine extravasates into...

Clinical features /uni25CF May be asymptomatic. /uni25CF Haematuria. /uni25CF Dysuria. /uni25CF Frequency and urgency . /uni25CF Suprapubic pain. /uni25CF Hesitancy and intermittency . Figure 83.27 Smooth uric acid bladder stones. Figure 83.28 Radiograph showi...

Composition Primary endemic bladder stones in children are usually composed of ammonium urate and calcium oxalate. Second - ary stones due to bladder outlet obstruction are typically smooth and yellow-brown in colour and are composed of uric acid. Infection-r...

Congenital and acquired bladder

Congenital neuropathic bladder Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) refers to the spectrum of bladder dysfunction that can arise from congenital or acquired abnormalities of those parts of the nervous system that are responsible for normal bla...

Enuresis Enuresis, or bedwetting, describes urinary incontinence during sleep in any child over the age of 5 years, in the absence of - congenital or acquired neurological disorders. Monosymp - tomatic enuresis (MSE) is defined as enuresis without any other ur...

Epidemiology Urinary incontinence is highly prevalent, a ff ecting 25–45% of men and women, and this increases with age. In men, the most common cause of SUI is radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, with prevalence estimates of 5% at 24–36 months after s...

Extraperitoneal injury The management of extraperitoneal rupture consists of urethral catheterisation with free bladder drainage for 10–14 days, followed by a cystogram to ensure that the injury has healed prior to removal of the catheter. If the extraperi...

Fascia and ligamentous supports /uni25CF At the posterolateral bladder neck, condensations of fascia pass forward medially and laterally to the ureter to join with the prostatic fascia; this fascia needs to be divided during cystectomy . /uni25CF The pubopros...

Grading and staging Bladder cancer is graded as well di ff erentiated (G1), moderately di ff erentiated (G2) and poorly di ff erentiated (G3). Stages Tis, Ta and T1 are non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC) and stages T2, T3 and T4 are muscle-invasive (MIBC) or locally adv...