Grading and staging

Grading and staging

Bladder cancer is graded as well di ff erentiated (G1), moderately di ff erentiated (G2) and poorly di ff erentiated (G3). Stages Tis, Ta and T1 are non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC) and stages T2, T3 and T4 are muscle-invasive (MIBC) or locally advanced ( Figure 83.34 ). Approximately 70% of tumours are NMIBC at presentation, whereas 30% are MIBC or metastatic. -