Search Results

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Alcoholism © SPMM Course  There appears to be as much variability in the phenotypic symptom expression within monozygotic twins as between MZ pairs. This suggests non-genetic influences play an important role in determining the pattern of phenotype in autism ...

OCD © SPMM Course  Majority of adoption studies show that the risk of alcoholism in adopted children is strongly correlated with their biological parents rather than adoptive parents ( 3- 4 times higher); no protective effect was noted in being raised away fr...

14. Clinical genetics © SPMM Course 14. Clinical genetics When an individual approaches a genetic clinic for genetic testing, 2 approaches can be employed.  Direct testing: This is very much like any other lab test. A sample is tested for the presence of a ce...

A. Senile plaques

B. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) © SPMM Course Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) Gross changes include diffuse atrophy, flattened cortical sulci and enlarged cerebral ventricles. Histological changes include neuronal loss (particularly in the cortex and the hippocam...

C. Hirano bodies

Neuropathological correlate of cognitive decline © SPMM Course  Beta A4 peptide interacts with cholinergic receptors and this interaction stimulates the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. The hyperphosphorylated tau is a major constituent of the tangle. It is a...

Hippocampal pathology © SPMM Course tangles and cognitive decline. The best neuropathological correlate of decline is the number of synapses. The marker for synapses has been antibody to synaptophysin, a protein found in the presynaptic endings. Hippocampal pa...

2. Lewy Body Dementia (DLB) © SPMM Course 2. Lewy Body Dementia (DLB)  Lewy bodies are weakly eosinophilic, spherical, cytoplasmic inclusions.  In Parkinson’s disease they are confined to substantia nigra; in DLB they are also present in many areas of the ce...

3. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Frontal lobe degeneration type

Motor neurone disease (MND) type © SPMM Course 3. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) FTD is associated with three types of underlying pathology: Frontal lobe degeneration type  Most common type  Spongiform degeneration or microvacuolation of the superficial neuro...

4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) © SPMM Course 4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)  Three forms exist: sporadic (most common), familial and variant CJD (vCJD - related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy).  There are no characteristic gross pathologic featu...

5. HIV associated pathology

CNS entry

Mechanism of neuropathogenesis © SPMM Course 5. HIV associated pathology CNS entry  The major HIV-1 receptors are CD4 and CD8; various chemokine receptors e.g. CXCR4 and CCR5 are considered as HIV-1 co-receptors.  CD4+ helper T lymphocytes are the major rout...