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Topographical theory

Problems with topographic theory: © SPMM Course 2. Dynamic models of the mind: Topographical theory This was elaborated in The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. Here, the mind is divided into three regions: the conscious system, the preconscious system, and th...

Instinct/drive theory

Hierarchy of anxiety

Analytical Psychology (Jungian Model) © SPMM Course Instinct/drive theory This theory has derived most of its terms from biology. Drive and instinct are often used interchangeably. An instinct has four principal characteristics: source, impetus, aim, and objec...

3. Dynamic interpretation of dreams © SPMM Course 3. Dynamic interpretation of dreams Freud was initially trained as a neurologist. Joseph Breuer & Freud together treated Bertha Pappenheim, (Anna O.), after which hypnosis became a psychoanalytic technique. Fre...

1. General principles © SPMM Course General principles Rating scales give clinicians an objective benchmark to support critical treatment decisions. Regular use of rating scales can provide information that aids in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitor...

2. Diagnostic schedules © SPMM Course 2. Diagnostic schedules Scale Mode of administration Features Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS) Clinician administered – fully structured. A revised version for lay interviewers also available (CIS-R). Used in National Psy...

3. Depression rating scales: © SPMM Course 3. Depression rating scales: 2 Questions scale (also called PHQ-2): An affirmative response to the following two questions may be as effective as using longer screening measures or may indicate the need for the use of...

4. Alcohol rating scales: © SPMM Course 4. Alcohol rating scales: CAGE Questions: 1. Have you ever felt like cutting down on your drinking? 2. Have people annoyed or criticized you for drinking? 3. Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking? 4. Have ...

5. Scales used in child psychiatry © SPMM Course 5. Scales used in child psychiatry The Child & Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale:  A rating scale to assess the degree of impairment in functioning due to emotional, behavioural, or psychiatric problems. ...

6. Scales used in old age psychiatry © SPMM Course 6. Scales used in old age psychiatry  The Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMSS) is a widely used instrument for measuring a variety of psychopathology in community surveys of the elderly. AGECAT is a compute...

7. Other clinical rating scales © SPMM Course 7. Other clinical rating scales SCALE Mode of administration Features Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Clinician-administered rating scale For assessment of severity and monitoring of change of symptoms ...

8. Outcome scales in psychiatry

Some examples of outcome scales © SPMM Course 8. Outcome scales in psychiatry The purpose of clinical intervention in psychiatry is to achieve a desirable outcome for the patient, his/her family and the society. Treatment outcomes are not single constructs but...

9. Psychometry of rating scales: © SPMM Course 9. Psychometry of rating scales: When developing measurement scales, we are concerned about two important properties. Can we use this scale to measure the actual phenomenon we want to measure? Can this scale provi...

10. Risk assessment © SPMM Course 10. Risk assessment Risk is the likelihood that harm will occur. Risk assessment is a process of scientific (statistical/clinical) calculation of likelihood of an adverse event; this includes specifying What will happen? When...

Approaches to risk assessment