Search Results

331 Urinary Tract Obstruction Calcium Phosphate  Calcium phosphate stones share risk factors with calcium oxalate stones, including higher concentrations of urine calcium and lower concentrations of urine citrate, but additional fac­ tors deserve attention. Hi...

SECTION 1 Disorders of the Alimentary Tract Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System PART 10 Section 1 Disorders of the Alimentary Tract William L. Hasler, Chung Owyang Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS The gastroin...

333 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy for nausea in first-trimester pregnancy. Peppermint oil and caraway seed oil products and herbal preparations such as STW 5 (a nineherb mixture) are useful for functional dyspepsia and IBS. Lowpotency pancreatic enzyme preparatio...

334 Diseases of the Esophagus FIGURE 333-65  Virtual colonoscopy image of a colon polyp (arrow). (Image courtesy of Dr. Jeff Fidler; with permission.) FIGURE 333-66  Crohn’s ileitis. Edema, erythema, ulcers, and exudates involving the terminal ileum. FIGURE 33...

335 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders the need for diagnostic testing in most patients. When endoscopy is performed, localized ulceration or inflammation is evident. Histologi­ cally, acute inflammation is typical. Chest CT imaging will sometimes reve...

336 Disorders of Absorption and weight loss are signs and symptoms in patients with MD. Occult GI bleeding may occur, but overt bleeding is unusual and, when present, is due to superficial mucosal erosions. In fact, bleeding is more often seen in one of the co...

337 Inflammatory Bowel Disease performed specifically to diagnose infection (e.g., Whipple’s disease or giardiasis). In most other instances, the infection is detected incidentally during the workup for diarrhea or other abdominal symptoms. Many of these infec...

338 Irritable Bowel Syndrome D’haens G et al: Risankizumab as induction therapy for Crohn’s dis­ ease: Results from the phase 3 ADVANCE and MOTIVATE induc­ tion trials. Lancet 399:2015, 2022. Graham DB, Xavier RJ: Pathway paradigms revealed from the genet­ ics...

339 Diverticular Disease and Common Anorectal Disorders patients, increased fiber intake and the use of osmotic agents such as PEG may achieve satisfactory results. For patients with more severe constipation, a chloride channel opener (lubiprostone) or GC-C ag...

340 Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency maintains the tract patency and reduces the likelihood of recurrent infection and inflammation. Once the inflammation is reduced (4–6 weeks), the exact relationship of the fistula tract to the anal sphincters can be ascert...

341 Acute Intestinal Obstruction should undergo a second-look laparotomy in a 24- to 48-h period. After revascularization, peristalsis and return of a pink color of the bowel wall should be observed. Palpation of major arterial mesenteric vessels can be perfor...

342 Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis Danny O. Jacobs Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis ACUTE APPENDICITIS ■ ■INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Acute appendicitis is the most common acute general surgery emer­ gency affecting the abdomen, with a rate of ~10–11 case...

SECTION 2 Nutrition Flum DR: Acute appendicitis—appendectomy of the “antibiotics first” strategy. N Engl J Med 372:1937, 2015. Khan S et al: Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy: Is it really a need of the hour. Ann Surg 277:e1, 2023. Moris D et al: Diag...

343 Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment Flum DR: Acute appendicitis—appendectomy of the “antibiotics first” strategy. N Engl J Med 372:1937, 2015. Khan S et al: Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy: Is it really a need of the hour. Ann Surg 277:...

344 Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess Paolo M. Suter Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess Vitamins are required constituents of the human diet because they are synthesized inadequately or not at all in the human body. Only small amount...

345 Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment copper plays a role in iron metabolism, melanin synthesis, energy production, neurotransmitter synthesis, and CNS function; the syn­ thesis and cross-linking of elastin and collagen; and the scavenging of superoxide ...

346 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition TABLE 345-2  Common Body Composition Studies, Laboratories, and Other Studies Used in Nutrition Assessment TEST NOTES Functional tests (Recommended) Clinical Frailty Scale A tool that measures frailty, which is defined as a...

SECTION 3 Liver and Biliary Tract Disease Jensen GL et al: GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition: A con­ sensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 43:32, 2019. Singer P et al: ESPEN practical and partial...