Search Results

INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow The brain depends on continuous perfusion for oxygen and glucose delivery , and hence survival. Normal cerebral blood flow (CBF) is about 55 /uni00A0 mL/min for every 100 /uni00A0 g of brain ti...

INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow The brain depends on continuous perfusion for oxygen and glucose delivery , and hence survival. Normal cerebral blood flow (CBF) is about 55 /uni00A0 mL/min for every 100 /uni00A0 g of brain ti...

† INTRODUCTION Head injury accounts for 3–4% of emergency department attendances, with around 1500 cases per 100 /uni00A0 000 population per year in the UK. Annual mortality attributable to head injury is estimated at 9 per 100 /uni00A0 000, and it remains th...

Learning objectives To be familiar with: The physiology of cerebral blood /f_l ow and the • pathophysiology of raised intracranial pressure Learning objectives To be familiar with: The physiology of cerebral blood /f_l ow and the • pathophysiology of raised in...

MINOR AND MILD HEAD INJURY After exclusion of associated cervical spine injury , it is import - ant to consider the possibility of a ‘lucid interval’ that may precede delayed deterioration due to an expanding intracranial haematoma. In general, patients with ...

MODERATE AND SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Resuscitation and evaluation Resuscitation is performed according to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines, beginning with management of the airway with cervical spine control and proceeding to assess and ma...

MODERATE AND SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Resuscitation and evaluation Resuscitation is performed according to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines, beginning with management of the airway with cervical spine control and proceeding to assess and ma...

Medical management From initial resuscitation, through surgical intervention and into the subsequent phase of ICU management, medical management strategies aim to minimise secondary brain injury through avoidance of hypoxia and hypotension and control of ICP...

Non-accidental injury Head injury in children and vulnerable adults may be due to abuse. Significant findings include delayed presentation, injuries of disparate age, retinal haemorrhages, bilateral chronic subdural haematomas, multiple skull fractures and neur...

Surgical pathology Fractures: skull vault Closed linear fractures of the skull vault are managed conserva - tively . Open or comminuted fractures should be considered for debridement and prophylactic antibiotic therapy . Depressed skull fractures involve inwa...

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE CHILD Head injury in children is common and presents specific chal - lenges relating to physiology , assessment, management and safeguarding. Children have large heads compared with the rest of their bodies, predisposing to both ...

ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME AND THE OPEN ABDOMEN Raised intra-abdominal pressure has far-reaching conse - quences for the patient; the syndrome that results is known as ACS. ACS is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patient and ...

ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME AND THE OPEN ABDOMEN Raised intra-abdominal pressure has far-reaching conse - quences for the patient; the syndrome that results is known as ACS. ACS is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patient and ...

ANTIBIOTICS IN TORSO TRAUMA There is no level 1 evidence to recommend the use of antibiotics for the insertion of chest drains. However, prophylactic anti biotics prior to surgery should be used in all cases of penetrating abdominal trauma. Unless there is ...

Anatomy The surgical anatomy of the pelvis is key to the understanding of pelvic injuries. /uni25CF The pelvic inlet is circular. It is a structure that is immensely strong, but routinely gives way at more than one point should su ffi cient force be applied to...

Biliary injuries Isolated traumatic biliary injuries are rare and occur mainly from penetrating trauma, often in association with injuries to other structures that lie in close proximity . The common bile duct can be repaired over a T-tube or drained and refer...

CRITICAL PHYSIOLOGY Resuscitation of all injuries to the chest and abdomen should follow the latest Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) prin ciples ( Table 29.1 ; see Chapters 26 and 27 ). Haemorrhage is the major problem. This may be obvi - ous at the time o...

Classification Pelvic ring fractures can be classified into three types, using - the Tile classification (for subtypes and other classifica - tions see Further reading ), based on the severity of the fracture (and reflecting the energy required to cause it) ( Figur...