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441 Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders Peter J. Goadsby Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders The general approach to headache as a cardinal symptom is covered else­ where (Chap. 17); here, disorders in which headache and associated features...

442 Alzheimer’s Disease tricyclics, such as amitriptyline, or anticonvulsants, such as topira­ mate or valproate, are most often tried. This phenotype can be seen in combination with migraine and the TACs, in which cases treatment of the primary headache disor...

443 Frontotemporal Dementia one study), migraine, or cardiac arrhythmias have all been implicated. Approximately one-quarter of patients experience recurrent attacks. Rare instances of permanent memory loss have been reported in patients with TGA-like spells, ...

444 Vascular Dementia Steven M. Greenberg, William W. Seeley Vascular Dementia The term vascular dementia has traditionally been used to describe a subset of dementia cases due primarily to one or more symptomatic strokes. Considered as such, vascular dementia...

445 Dementia with Lewy Bodies considered independently. Interactions between cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative processes may also contribute to dementia. Such interactions might involve loss of blood-brain barrier integrity (pos­ sibly allowing brain penet...

446 Parkinson’s Disease triplications that manifest clinically as PD or DLB. There are multiple genes associated with PD, but mutations of glucocerebrosidase (GBA) particularly lead to PDD or DLB presentations (Chap. 446). The origins of LBD in gastrointestina...

447 Tremor, Chorea, and Other Movement Disorders Parkinson’s disease Nonpharmacologic intervention Pharmacologic intervention Neuroprotection —? Rasagiline Functional disability No Yes PART 13 Neurologic Disorders Dopamine agonists MAO-B inhibitor Levodopa Com...

448 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases neurodegeneration unrelated to a defect in iron metabolism. There are no specific treatments; iron binding may help slow progression, but this has not been established. FUNCTIONAL (PSYCHOGENIC) ...

449 Prion Diseases ■ ■SELECTED DISORDERS OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURON Primary Lateral Sclerosis  This rare disorder arises sporadi­ cally in adults in mid-to-late life. Clinically, PLS is characterized by progressive spastic weakness of the limbs, preceded or fol...

450 Ataxic Disorders The best method to treat human prion diseases may be by reducing PrP, the substrate for PrPSc, rather than trying to directly reduce or eliminate PrPSc. The lifespan of mice is normal when PrPC is reduced or even eliminated; when PRNP is k...

451 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System ■ ■FURTHER READING Anheim M et al: The autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. N Engl J Med 16:636, 2012. Cortese A et al: Biallelic expansion of an intronic repeat in RFC1 is a common cause of late-onset ataxia. N...

452 Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy, and Other Cranial Nerve Disorders Fedorowski A, Sutton R: Autonomic dysfunction and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in postacute Covid 19 syndrome. Nat Rev Cardiol 20:281, 2023. Gibbons C et al: Cutaneous α-syn...

453 Diseases of the Spinal Cord In infectious cases, prompt administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, drainage of any abscess cavities, and identification of the offending organism are essential. Anticoagulant therapy may benefit cases of primary thrombosi...

454 Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries sphincter musculature. Detrusor spasticity is treated with anticholin­ ergic drugs (oxybutynin, 2.5–5 mg qid) or tricyclic antidepressants with anticholinergic properties (imipramine, 25–200 mg/d). Failure of t...

455 Multiple Sclerosis A variety of neurodegenerative pathologies are commonly found in the presence of CTE, adding to the complexity of diagnosis. Further­ more, the dynamic interplay between RHI and mTBI history is not well understood. While staging criteria...

456 Neuromyelitis Optica Bruce A. C. Cree, Stephen L. Hauser Neuromyelitis Optica Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an aggressive, antibody-mediated, inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of optic neu­ ritis (ON) and myelitis; the more inclusive...

SECTION 3 Nerve and Muscle Disorders another chronic inflammatory disorder such as vasculitis, sarcoidosis, or lymphoma. Many cases previously thought to represent ADEM are now recognized as MOGAD. The hallmark of ADEM is the presence of widely scattered foci ...

457 Peripheral Neuropathy another chronic inflammatory disorder such as vasculitis, sarcoidosis, or lymphoma. Many cases previously thought to represent ADEM are now recognized as MOGAD. The hallmark of ADEM is the presence of widely scattered foci of perivenu...