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03 - 495 Complementary and Integrative Therapies and Practices
495 Complementary and Integrative Therapies and Practices seen as intractable, even the most effective drugs will not work if physi cians fail to prescribe them and if patients fail to take them. Although the dominant forms of investigation in medicine seek c...
04 - 496 Placebo and Nocebo Effects
496 Placebo and Nocebo Effects Kathryn T. Hall, Alia J. Crum Placebo and Nocebo Effects Placebos are sham versions of drugs, devices, or surgeries that lack the active compound, function, or procedure they are designed to simulate (Table 496-1). Administration...
05 - 497 The Role of Epigenetics in Disease and Treatment
497 The Role of Epigenetics in Disease and Treatment ■ ■ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS In all of these applications, ethical considerations are of utmost impor tance; it is never acceptable to deceive or provide false information to the patient. Within these bounds, ...
06 - 498 The Role of Circadian Biology in Health and Disease
498 The Role of Circadian Biology in Health and Disease Millán-Zambrano G et al: Histone post-translational modifica tions—cause and consequence of genome function. Nat Rev Genet 23:563, 2022. Sendinc E, Shi Y: RNA m6A methylation across the transcriptome. Mo...
08 - 500 Emerging Neurotherapeutic Technologies
500 Emerging Neurotherapeutic Technologies ■ ■FURTHER READING Barabasi A-L et al: Network medicine: A network-based approach to human disease. Nat Rev Genet 12:56, 2011. Cheng F et al: Network-based approach to prediction and populationbased validation of in s...
10 - 502 Metabolomics
502 Metabolomics language processing relied on a specialized architecture called recurrent neural networks. Contemporary deep learning methods often leverage the transformer model (Table 501-2), which is well-suited to exploit the structure of natural language...
12 - 504 Protein Folding Disorders
504 Protein Folding Disorders Richard I. Morimoto, G. Scott Budinger Protein Folding Disorders Many hundreds of human diseases, collectively known as protein con formational diseases or protein folding disorders, result from protein misfolding due to intrinsi...
13 - 505 Novel Approaches to Diseases of Unknown Etiology
505 Novel Approaches to Diseases of Unknown Etiology Levine B, Kroemer G: Biological functions of autophagy genes: A disease perspective. Cell 176:11, 2019. Mallucci GR et al: Developing therapies for neurodegenerative disor ders: Insights from protein aggreg...
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Pages 1-25 M R C P ( G L A S G O - U K ) , M R C P - I R E L A N D for MRCP, part 1 & 2 3rd edition. 2022 Updated 2022 Third edition Notes & Notes For MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Volume 1 Foreword With the grace of the Almighty Allah, I have introduced...
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Pages 26-50 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Causes • Intrasellar/parasellar masses Nonsecretory pituitary macroadenomas (≥ 10 mm in diameter) are the most common cause of hypopituitarism among adults (∼ 40% of cases). Less common: inter...
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Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Endocrinolog & Metabolism Abnormal thyroid function Abnormal thyroid function tests Test Possible cause High TSH + low free T4 Primary hypothyroidism Low TSH + elevated free T4 and free T3 Primary hyperthyroidism Low or normal TSH + low T...
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Pages 76-100 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad • Ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules Classification Criteria U1 (normal) no nodules U2 (benign) hyperechoic or isoechoic with a halo cystic change with ring down artiifact (collo...
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Chapter 1 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 1 Endocrinolog & Metabolism • Diagnosis is made by measuring urinary cAMP and phosphate levels following an infusion of PTH. In hypoparathyroidism this will cause an increase in both cAMP ...
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Pages 126-150 Feature Type XX (female) genotype XY (male) genotype • Hypotension 21β-hydroxylase deficiency • Clitoromegaly and/or male external genitalia along with a uterus and ovaries • Precocious puberty • Virilization, irregular menstrual cycles, infertil...
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Chapter 1 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad Chapter 1 Endocrinolog & Metabolism May 2008 exam: A 62-year-old man is investigated for hypertension and proximal myopathy. On examination he is noted to have abdominal striae. Which one of the fol...
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Pages 176-200 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad the most appropriate initial insulin regime for young patient after being diagnosed with new onset Type1 DM → Meal time Actrapid and insulatard at night. Insulin side-effects • Hypoglycaemia • W...
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Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Endocrinolog & Metabolism Pharmacotherapy for painful diabetic neuropathy: Relevant comorbidities for drug selection Drug class Comorbidities favoring use Comorbidities favoring avoidance Serotonin-norepinephrine • Depression reuptake inhib...
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Pages 226-250 Notes & Notes for MRCP By Dr. Yousif Abdallah Hamad High triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are the commonest lipid abnormality seen in type 2 diabetes. Complications • Increased risk of CVD events • Increased insuli...